POM final heme/onc

What is anemia?

Decrease in hemoglobin or red blood cell mass

What is the pathophysiology of anemia?

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

Fatigue, pallor, dyspnea

How is anemia diagnosed?

Low hemoglobin on CBC

What is the treatment for anemia?

Treat underlying cause

What memory trick helps identify anemia?

Tired and pale

What is iron deficiency anemia?

Anemia due to insufficient iron

What is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia?

Decreased hemoglobin synthesis

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, pica, pallor

How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?

Low ferritin, high TIBC

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

Oral iron supplementation

What memory trick helps identify iron deficiency anemia?

Low iron = low hemoglobin

What is anemia of chronic disease?

Anemia associated with chronic inflammation

What is the pathophysiology of anemia of chronic disease?

Inflammatory cytokines trap iron

What are the signs and symptoms of anemia of chronic disease?

Fatigue, pallor

How is anemia of chronic disease diagnosed?

Normal or high ferritin, low iron

What is the treatment for anemia of chronic disease?

Treat underlying disease

What memory trick helps identify anemia of chronic disease?

Iron is locked away

What is vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

Megaloblastic anemia due to B12 deficiency

What is the pathophysiology of B12 deficiency anemia?

Impaired DNA synthesis

What are the signs and symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, neuropathy

How is B12 deficiency anemia diagnosed?

High MCV, low B12

What is the treatment for B12 deficiency anemia?

Vitamin B12 replacement

What memory trick helps identify B12 deficiency anemia?

Big cells + neuro

What is folate deficiency anemia?

Megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency

What is the pathophysiology of folate deficiency anemia?

Impaired DNA synthesis

What are the signs and symptoms of folate deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, glossitis

How is folate deficiency anemia diagnosed?

High MCV, low folate

What is the treatment for folate deficiency anemia?

Folic acid supplementation

What memory trick helps identify folate deficiency anemia?

Big cells without neuro

What is sickle cell disease?

Inherited hemoglobinopathy with sickled RBCs

What is the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease?

Hemoglobin polymerization → vaso-occlusion

What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell disease?

Pain crises, anemia, infections

How is sickle cell disease diagnosed?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

What is the treatment for sickle cell disease?

Hydroxyurea and pain control

What memory trick helps identify sickle cell disease?

Sickled cells cause pain

What is thalassemia?

Inherited disorder of globin chain synthesis

What is the pathophysiology of thalassemia?

Reduced globin production

What are the signs and symptoms of thalassemia?

Microcytic anemia, fatigue

How is thalassemia diagnosed?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

What is the treatment for thalassemia?

Supportive care or transfusions

What memory trick helps identify thalassemia?

Small cells, abnormal hemoglobin

What is G6PD deficiency?

X-linked enzymatic RBC disorder

What is the pathophysiology of G6PD deficiency?

Oxidative stress → hemolysis

What are the signs and symptoms of G6PD deficiency?

Jaundice, dark urine after stress

How is G6PD deficiency diagnosed?

G6PD enzyme assay

What is the treatment for G6PD deficiency?

Avoid oxidative triggers

What memory trick helps identify G6PD deficiency?

Fava beans cause hemolysis

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

Inherited RBC membrane defect

What is the pathophysiology of hereditary spherocytosis?

Spherical RBCs → splenic destruction

What are the signs and symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis?

Anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly

How is hereditary spherocytosis diagnosed?

Peripheral smear

What is the treatment for hereditary spherocytosis?

Splenectomy

What memory trick helps identify hereditary spherocytosis?

Sphere-shaped cells

What is aplastic anemia?

Bone marrow failure disorder

What is the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia?

Decreased hematopoietic stem cells

What are the signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia?

Fatigue, infections, bleeding

How is aplastic anemia diagnosed?

Hypocellular bone marrow biopsy

What is the treatment for aplastic anemia?

Immunosuppression or transplant

What memory trick helps identify aplastic anemia?

Empty marrow

What is immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?

Autoimmune platelet destruction

What is the pathophysiology of ITP?

Antibody-mediated platelet clearance

What are the signs and symptoms of ITP?

Petechiae, bruising

How is ITP diagnosed?

Isolated thrombocytopenia

What is the treatment for ITP?

Steroids or IVIG

What memory trick helps identify ITP?

Isolated low platelets

What is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

What is the pathophysiology of TTP?

ADAMTS13 deficiency

What are the signs and symptoms of TTP?

Fever, neurologic symptoms, renal failure

How is TTP diagnosed?

Schistocytes, low platelets

What is the treatment for TTP?

Plasma exchange

What memory trick helps identify TTP?

FAT RN

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Systemic coagulation activation

What is the pathophysiology of DIC?

Consumption of clotting factors

What are the signs and symptoms of DIC?

Bleeding and thrombosis

How is DIC diagnosed?

Prolonged PT/PTT, low fibrinogen

What is the treatment for DIC?

Treat underlying cause

What memory trick helps identify DIC?

Bleeding and clotting

What is hemophilia A?

X-linked factor VIII deficiency

What is the pathophysiology of hemophilia A?

Impaired intrinsic pathway

What are the signs and symptoms of hemophilia A?

Hemarthroses, deep bleeding

How is hemophilia A diagnosed?

Prolonged PTT

What is the treatment for hemophilia A?

Factor VIII replacement

What memory trick helps identify hemophilia A?

A = 8

What is hemophilia B?

X-linked factor IX deficiency

What is the pathophysiology of hemophilia B?

Impaired intrinsic pathway

What are the signs and symptoms of hemophilia B?

Hemarthroses, deep bleeding

How is hemophilia B diagnosed?

Prolonged PTT

What is the treatment for hemophilia B?

Factor IX replacement

What memory trick helps identify hemophilia B?

B = 9

What is von Willebrand disease?

Inherited platelet adhesion disorder

What is the pathophysiology of von Willebrand disease?

vWF deficiency affects platelets and factor VIII

What are the signs and symptoms of von Willebrand disease?

Mucosal bleeding, menorrhagia

How is von Willebrand disease diagnosed?

Prolonged bleeding time ± PTT

What is the treatment for von Willebrand disease?

Desmopressin

What memory trick helps identify von Willebrand disease?

Sticky platelets missing

What is leukemia?

Malignancy of white blood cells

What is the pathophysiology of leukemia?

Uncontrolled leukocyte proliferation

What are the signs and symptoms of leukemia?

Fatigue, infections, bleeding

How is leukemia diagnosed?

Bone marrow biopsy