solid particles
incompressible
Fixed in position
Vibrate in their places
Strong attraction between particles
Fixed volume
Fixed shape
liquid particles
incompressible
Vibrate
move freely throughout the liquid but stay close together
particles cane flow and take shape of container
Strong attraction between particles (but not as strong as solid)
Fixed volume
gas particles
Compressible
large spaces between gas particles and they are not stuck together
free to move in straight lines until they collide with another gas particle or the side of the container
Weak attraction between particles
Take volume of container
Take shape of container
particle model- change of state
When a substance is heated
Particles have more energy and move faster
Solid particles can vibrate out of position ie melt
Liquid particles move faster and separate ie evaporate
When a substance is cooled
Particles have less energy and move slower
Gas particles slow down and get closer together ie condense.
Liquid particles slow down and form an ordered structure ie freeze/solidify
particle model- Expansion
Substance is heated, makes particles move faster and take more space but not enough energy for change of state
When the temperature increases, the particles vibrate faster, pushing each other apart.
particle model- contraction
Substance is cooled, makes particles slow down and takes less space but not enough for a change of state
When the temperature decreases, particles vibrate more slowly, allowing them to be packed close together.
particle model- dissolving
When a substance dissolves, the solute particles are distributed evenly throughout the solvent particles
Solution
mixture of solute dissolved in solvent. Solutions may be transparent or coloured.
Solution = solute + solvent
Solute
substance that is dissolved in the solvent to form a solution.
Solvent
substance in which the solute dissolves in to form a solution.
particle model- diffusion
The movement of gases or liquids spreading out in another gas or liquid
Given time, if two liquids are mixed together, their particles will diffuse and mix evenly without stirring. The same occurs when two gases are mixed.
Increasing temperature speeds up diffusion
atom
smallest indivisible particle of matter
Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
element
pure substance made up of only one type of atom
molecule
two or more atoms bonded together.
These can be the same type of atom or different types
compound
pure substance made up of two or more different elements (types of atoms)
The elements in a compound are chemically bonded together.
Mixture
combination of two or more pure substances
can be separated
periodic table- periods
rows across the periodic table
there are 7 periods
periodic table- groups
columns down the periodic table
There are 18 groups
periodic table-metals, non-metals and metalloids
Metals- left side of the table
Non-metals on the right side of the table
Metalloids- in between them
Metals
Shiny (lustrous)
Hard
High melting and boiling points
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Mainly solid at room temperature
Malleable - shape them
Ductile -make wires
Non-metals
Dull
Soft
Brittle
Low melting and boiling points
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Solids, liquid and gases at room temperature
metalloids
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
Monatomic elements
elements containing only one type of single atom
only six, which are all noble gases (helium, neon, krypton, xenon, argon, radon – oganesson ??)
Molecular elements
clusters of two or more of the same atom bonded (joined) together
examples- oxygen O2, Nitrogen N2, bromine Br2
Crystal lattices
grid-like structures that repeat the same arrangement of atoms
There are two main types: metallic ( lead, copper) and non-metallic ( graphite, diamond)
Physical changes
does not produce new substances
Identifying a physical change
Changes in shape or form
Expands (gets bigger)
Contracts (gets smaller)
Change in state (solid, liquid or gas)
Mixing with another substance
Chemical change
produce new substances
Identifying a chemical change
A colour change
A gas is produced- smell, bubbles, smoke
A precipitate (solid) forming
Energy being released or absorbed. released -in the form of heat, light or both- exothermic. Absorbed- cause surroundings to cool- endothermic.
chemical reaction
Show the “before” and “after” of a chemical change
Start with reactants - reactants react to produce products
Reactants → products
Example:
hydrogen gas + oxygen gas → water
Reactants: hydrogen gas + oxygen gas
Products: water