AP World History

Flashcards about the Global Tapestry, Networks of Exchange, Land-Based Empires, Transoceanic Interconnections, Revolutions, Consequences of Industrialization, Global Conflict, Cold War and Decolonization, and Globalization.

What principles did the Song Dynasty in China maintain its rule through?

Neo-Confucian principles, Buddhism, and a system of meritocracy.

What labor did the Chinese economy remain dependent on?

The labor of the peasant and artisan classes.

What dominated societies in South and Southeast Asia?

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.

What was the capital of the Khmer Empire?

Angkor Wat.

What religions have had an immense impact upon societies in Africa and Asia?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Who dominated the medieval Muslim world?

The Seljuks and the Mamluks

What did absolute monarchs in Europe develop?

More sophisticated forms of government, such as the British Parliament.

What cultures exhibited great regional variation in North America?

The Mississippian cultures.

What was the capital of the Aztec?

Tenochtitlan.

What did the Aztec use to record historical events?

A complex system of pictographs.

What empire developed a united monarchy and a powerful military in the Andes?

The Inca.

What language mixed with the native Bantu along the east coast of Africa?

Arabic to create Swahili.

What trade routes facilitated trade in Africa?

The trans-Saharan trade routes and Indian Ocean maritime routes.

What improvements facilitated new markets for luxury goods crossing regional boundaries along the Silk Roads?

Business practices that aided merchants, such as the use of credit and caravanserai

What are the administrative regions of the Mongol empire called?

Khanates ruled by a khan, or leader.

What made trade easier and safer during the Pax Mongolica?

The incorporation of many previously disparate cultural regions

What innovations in technology enabled travelers to more easily navigate maritime routes?

The astrolabe and lateen sails.

What did innovations in camel saddle technology encourage on the trans-Saharan trade routes?

Interregional trade of gold, salt, and slaves.

What spread from China to other parts of the world?

Gunpowder and paper technology.

What were the three dominant Islamic Gunpowder Empires?

The Mughal Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.

What practice did the Ottomans use to recruit soldiers and bureaucrats?

Devshirme.

What did Ming rulers collect as revenue?

Hard currency in addition to a percentage of farmers' agricultural product.

What syncretic religion emerged in South Asia?

Sikhism.

What motivated European nations to compete in transoceanic exploration?

New technology, to find new trade routes, promote Christianity, and dominate political rivals.

What was exchanged during the Columbian Exchange?

Plants, animals, and diseases.

What policies did Ming China and Tokugawa Japan set up?

Restricted isolationist policies.

What system was used by the Spanish to gain access to labor and resources?

Encomienda System

What ideology was employed by European states to control their economies and colonies?

Mercantilism

What were examples of challenges to state power from 1450 to 1750?

Pueblo Revolts and King Philip's War

What rebellions against slavery occurred in the Americas?

Maroon Societies

What empires implemented discriminatory policies against certain ethnic or religious groups?

Qing China and Spanish and Portuguese authorities.

What did Enlightenment philosophies reexamine?

The role of religion in public life.

What did reform movements push for as a result of Enlightenment philosophies?

Abolition of slavery, the expansion of suffrage, and the end of serfdom.

What wars were a result of nationalism?

Italian and German Unification Movements.

What led to rebellions against existing power structures?

Discontent to monarchial rule, often inspired by liberal democratic ideals

What factors accompanied the development of factories and more sophisticated machines during the Industrial Revolution?

Urbanization, increased migration, and environmental changes

What technologies completely changed the ways in which individuals and goods were able to travel around the globe?

The steam engine, the railroad, and the telegraph

What did the ideas of Adam Smith prompt in Western Europe?

A move away from long-standing mercantilist policies in favor of free trade and capitalism

What did socialists such as Karl Marx decry?

The excesses of capitalism and encouraged socialist or communist political reforms.

What new social groups emerged as a result of industrialization?

The working class and middle class.

What negative impacts did industrialization lead to?

Air pollution, water pollution, increased crime, and inadequate infrastructure

What did Social Darwinists believe?

Wealthy, powerful countries should increase their wealth and power at the expense of those that were less developed, which was part of a civilizing mission.

What anti-imperialist and anti-colonial movements formed in response to state expansion?

Túpac Amaru II’s uprising against the Spanish in Peru and Samory Touré against French colonialists in West Africa.

What did demand for raw materials and food supplies facilitate in the industrialized world?

The growth of export economies, in particular those dealing with natural resources and industrial crops.

Why were populations able to shift and move to other parts of the globe?

New modes of transportation in the industrial age made migration easier.

What led many of the Irish to migrate to the east coast of the United States?

The Irish Potato Famine.

What attitudes arose due to cultural intermixing resulting from migration?

Xenophobic, nativist, and racist attitudes

Why did many traditional land-based empires flounder in the 20th century?

Internal and external challenges, such as the Russian Revolution.

What was a total war that required each country to completely commit to the conflict?

World War I

What did some governments respond by doing to pull their countries out of the post-war slump?

Taking a more active role.

What did the heady combination of global tension in the interwar period, frustrated imperial aspirations, and the Great Depression cause?

World War II

What did mass atrocities in the 20th century develop as?

People increasingly turned against minorities and blamed them for society's problems.

What did World War II permanently affect?

The global balance of power.

What happened to many Asian countries during the Cold War?

They embraced the promise of land distribution and resource sharing promoted by communism.

What did the spark of nationalism cause nations to do?

Choose their Cold War alignment and led them to seek various degrees of independence.

What did the United Nations use nonviolent methods to challenge?

Existing political structures.

What was the cost of trying to engage in a nuclear arms race for the Soviet Union?

The high cost began to wear on the country

What sectors did rapid developments in technology affect during the 20th century?

The speedy (and even instantaneous) exchange of information, energy, and goods.

What movements challenged cultural norms and old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion?

Social movements with access to education.

The 20th century fostered the development of what?

A shared global culture.

What did the United Nations try to ensure?

Increased interconnection was managed in such a way to try to ensure world peace and international cooperation.