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Choropleth Map
Map using colors to represent statistical data
Isoline Map
Map displaying lines of equal value
Geospatial Technology
Tools for gathering, managing, and analyzing geographic data
Projection
Method of representing a 3D surface on a 2D plane
Formal Region
Area with a shared trait or characteristic
Functional/Nodal Region
Region organized around a focal point
Vernacular Region
Perceived region with no formal boundaries
Hearth
Origin point of a cultural trait
Diffusion
Spread of ideas, culture, or disease
Density
Number of items or people in a given area
Urban
Related to cities and densely populated areas
Rural
Related to countryside and sparsely populated areas
Globalization
Increasing worldwide interconnectedness
Outsourcing
Shifting jobs or services to other countries
Supply Chain
Network moving resources to consumers
Opportunity Cost
Value of the next best alternative foregone
Absolute Advantage
Ability to produce a good more efficiently
Comparative Advantage
Ability to produce at a lower opportunity cost
Sovereign Debt
Money borrowed by a country's government
Bonds
National government IOUs with specified payments
Default
Failure to repay borrowed money
Microloans
Small loans to low-income individuals for business
Sustainability
Meeting present needs without compromising future generations
United Nations
International organization for global peace and cooperation
Ecotourism
Tourism emphasizing natural environment protection
Demographics
Population groups based on race, age, gender, or religion
Sex Ratio
Ratio of males to females in a population
Dependency Ratio
Ratio of working age adults to non-working individuals
Baby Boom
Sudden increase in birth rate across a society
Youth Bulge
Significantly larger youngest age groups in a population
Anti-natalist policy
Policy aiming to reduce birth rate
Contraception
Birth control methods like pills or condoms
One child policy
China's policy limiting most families to one child
Pro-natalist policy
Policy aiming to increase birth rate
Total Fertility rate
Average children per woman in reproductive years
Crude Birth Rate
Number of births per 1,000 people
Crude Death Rate
Number of deaths per 1,000 people
Natural increase rate
Births minus deaths, indicating population growth
Doubling time
Years for a population to double in size
Carrying Capacity
Maximum sustainable population on a unit of land
Arithmetic Density
People per unit of land
Physiological Density
People per unit of arable land
Agricultural Density
Farmers per unit of arable land
Arable
Land suitable for farming
Yield
Amount of crops harvested from land
Land Degradation
Farmland deterioration due to human activities
Malthus
18th-century philosopher predicting food scarcity due to population growth
Neomalthusians
Believers in Malthus' predictions of food shortage
Demographic Transition model
Graph showing birth, death rates, and population change
Epidemiological Transition model
Chart showing life expectancy and causes of death change
Population Pyramid
Graph dividing population by age and gender
Internally Displaced Person
Person fleeing within own country due to safety concerns
Chain Migration
Migration facilitated by a friend or family member
Transhumance
Seasonal movement of livestock by nomads or shepherds
Physical-Political Boundary
Border based on natural features like mountains
Relic Boundary
Boundary no longer official but impacts culture
Irredentism
Desire to reclaim lost territory by a country
Territoriality
Belief a land belongs to a specific country or group
Ethnic Separatism
Desire of an ethnic group to leave their state
Shatterbelts
Strategic lands between conflicting forces at risk
Imperialism
Direct political control over a country
Tax Haven
Country with low taxes and banking privacy
Redistricting
Creating new electoral districts based on census
Gerrymandering
Drawing districts to favor a specific group or party
Federal State
Power shared between national and local governments
Unitary State
Country with centralized power in national government
Agribusiness
Large corporation managing extensive farms
Aquaculture
Large scale farming of fish and seafood
Columbian Exchange
Exchange of food, animals, and diseases between continents
Commercial Agriculture
Farming for profit
Commodity Chain
Process from crop gathering to final product sale
Crop Rotation
Changing crops to maintain soil fertility
Economy of Scale
Cost decrease with increased production volume
Crop Yields
Amount of crop harvested from a piece of land
Extensive Agriculture
Farming on a large scale with minimal inputs
Fair Trade
System guaranteeing minimum prices to farmers
First Agricultural Revolution
Transition from hunting to farming for food
Food Desert
Area with limited access to affordable, quality food
Food Insecurity
Uncertainty over access to affordable, nutritious food
Industrial Agriculture
Farming involving the use of machines
Global Supply Chain
Worldwide network of farmers and food manufacturers
GMO
Genetically modified organism for improved traits
Greenhouse Gases
Pollution from burning fossil fuels
Green Revolution
Improved crop yields from advanced farming techniques
Intensive Agriculture
Farming with heavy use of inputs for high yields
Irrigation
Using technology to provide water to crops
Local Food Distribution Network
Buying food from nearby sources like farmers' markets
Mediterranean Farming
Cultivating crops suited for Mediterranean climates
Microcredit
Small, low-interest loans for small businesses
Mixed Crop & Livestock Farming
Production of both livestock and food crops on a farm
Monoculture
Farming only one crop
National Food Distribution Network
Shipping food to distant locations within a country
Relocation Diffusion
Spread of crops or farming practices through travel or trade
Rural to Urban Migration
Movement from countryside to city, influenced by tech
Runoff
Water carrying residues from fields into rivers
Salinization
Increase in soil salt levels, harmful to plants
Second Agricultural Revolution
Improved farming practices with crop rotation and machinery
Selective Breeding
Joining plants for desirable traits, common in Green Revolution
Shifting Cultivation
Subsistence farming practice in less developed countries
Soil Degradation
Decrease in soil quality and productivity from pollution
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