Studied by 1 personUses of the rainforest - food and water
Hunting for food - Fish is one of the main sources
Eating plants around as snacks
Drinking water from a vine
Using rivers to bathe
uses of the rainforest - clothes
Bird feathers and bark as body ornaments
Body paint from plants
Jewellery using the bones and teeth of animals
Uses of the rainforest - Shelter
Building settlements
Grazing cattle
Uses of the rainforest - Natural environment
Cutting trees to collect materials such as wood and rubber
Collecting medicine from plants for when they are sick
Using plants as cattle food
Growing crops
Korubo tribe
build houses on stilts and wear body paint to represent animals
Tupi tribe
rubber toppers and sell this to companies around the world
Panara tribe
they are nomadic, they move, they look after cattle and sell beef to companies
Kayapo tribe
wear colourful headdresses, put disks in their lips and ears to show importance
What happened to the stolen generation?
communities by the government in an attempt to ‘civilise’ them
The forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families was official government policy from 1909 to 1969.
However the practice took place both before and after this period.
Governments, churches and welfare bodies all took part.
The removal policy was managed by the Aborigines Protection Board (APB).
The APB was a government board established in 1909 with the power to remove children without parental consent and without a court order
Children were placed with institutions and from the 1950s began also being placed with white families
In the 1990s the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission started a national inquiry
\n While many records have been lost, it has been estimated that 1 - 3 in 10 Aboriginal children were forcibly removed between 1910 and 1970
Short term impacts on the stolen generation
Children were neglected and abused
They were more likely to suffer from mental illness
They had poorer education
Many parents suffered from the loss of their children
Long term impacts on the stolen generation
Their life expectancy is 17 years lower than the average Australian
They are 13 times more likely to be put in prison
They are 3 times more likely to be unemployed
They are 8 times more likely to commit suicide
Their culture and language is not being passed down generations
1 in 7 survivors live with a disability
Renewable
A natural resource that cannot be used up
Non-renewable
Sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes
oil pros and cons
Pros - Cheap, Reliable, produces jobs
Cons - It is a finite resource, bad for the ozone layer/ climate change
Coal pros and cons
Pros - Cheap, can be converted into different types of fuel
Cons - Largest contributor to global warming, nonrenewable
Solar pros and cons
Pros - Reduces electricity bills, reduces your carbon footprint
Cons - Weather dependent, expensive, takes up alot of space
Wind pros and cons
Pros - One of the cleanest forms of energy, creates wealth and local employment, non pollutant
Cons - Takes up lots of space, noisy, dangerous to some wildlife
what are tar sands?
Tar sands (also known as oil sands) are a mixture of mostly sand, clay, water, and a thick, molasses-like substance called bitumen.
It is a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum
Tar sands pros
Versatile transportation fuel costs
Very high profit margin because of the high constant demand for it
Financed by $19 billion a year in investments
Tar sands cons
Getting it is a very long expensive process - high production costs than conventional oil
Releases 3x greenhouse gases than conventional oil
Seepage can occur from the polluted tailing ponds - could harm clean water sources
High rate of illness in a small nearby village because of the pollution created by the tailing ponds and in the freshwater sources
The bitumen cannot flow unless heated
It is a very carbon intensive way of retrieving oil
It has a very high water use - uses lots of non recyclable fresh water
Causes land disturbance in ecologically sensitive areas (one change in the environment could kill huge amounts of wildlife)
Epicenture
The point on the Earth's surface above the focus
focus
The point inside the crust where the pressure is released
Pyroclastic flow
A dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It occurs as part of certain volcanic eruptions. A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as 200 m/s
cinder core
A cone formed round a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions
Composite/ stratovolcano volcano
Alternate layers of lava and ash
Steep slope
Thick lava and pyroclastic flows
Even surface due to secondary vents
Lava type: basaltic or rhyolite
Example: Mount Fuji
Shield volcano
Low and wide cone
Thin runny lava
Low explosivity
Lava type: basaltic
Example: Mount Kilauea
Dome
Thick lava
Pyroclastic flows
Smaller than other types
Lava type: andesites, dacites and rhyolites
Example: Lassen peak in Lassen volcanic national park
Active
Erupted recently, likely to erupt again
Dormant
Hasn’t erupted for 2000 years, but could erupt again
Extinct
Highly unlikely to ever erupt again
Crust
The outer layer of the Earth made up of solidified rocky plates
The crust is not a solid shell
It is made up of thick connecting pieces called tectonic plates
These fit together like a puzzle
Mantle
The layer of molten rock on which the crust floats
Outer core
Made up of very hot molten metal
Inner core
Mode of solid metal
What happened - HAITI
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti on Tuesday, 12 January 2010
The epicentre was approximately 25 km west of Haiti's capital.
By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded.
Deaths: 316,000
Injured: 300,000
Economic Cost: $14billion
Secondary Diseases: Cholera
Jobs Lost: 20%
Reaction - HAITI
Crucial aid was slow to arrive due to the damaged port.
Bottled water and purification tablets were provided.
235,000 people were moved to less-damaged cities
New homes were built to a higher standard although the response was slow. One year after the earthquake, over one million people were still living in temporary - shelters
Tens of international charities donated and supported them along with many notable people/ groups including the queen.
There was much support from a wide range of countries and the UN - in total around 13 billion dollars have been donated as humanitarian aid.
What happened - JAPAN
On 11 March 2011, a massive 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Japanese coastline
The epicentre was 43 miles east of Tohoku at a depth of 20 miles.
The earthquake lasted 6 minutes and caused a tsunami wave that reached heights of over 40 metres.
Deaths: 15,900 (most from the tsunami)
Economic Cost: $360billion
Tsunami: 6M high
Damaged: Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
Reaction - JAPAN
Rescue services were sent.
Field hospitals had to be set up.
Over 300000 were homeless and so the army helped to build many temporary shelters very quickly.
Rebuilding of the worst affected areas began almost immediately.
The original 12m tsunami barriers were replaced with ones that were 18m high.
The Japanese Red Cross received over $1 billion in donations and they gave out over 30,000 emergency relief kits and 14,000 sleeping kits
Primary impacts (the immediate damage)
Collapsing bridges and buildings
Damaged schools and hospitals
Cracked and twisted roads & other transport links
Death and injuries to individuals
Panic and shock of the people affected
Secondary impacts (the after effects of an earthquake)
Fires caused by broken gas mains and electrical cables. Fires develop due to the lack of water from broken pipes
Tidal waves or Tsunamis
Landslides in steep sided valleys where the rocks are often weak
Disease and famine due to lack of clean water and medical facilities
Death caused by the cold of winter
Economic impacts - e.g. tourists being put off, manufacturing and companies having to halt production
Homelessness
Delays in getting aid into the country
Jobs lost
Note
Flashcard