GEOGRAPHY - Exam 2023

Uses of the rainforest - food and water

Hunting for food - Fish is one of the main sources

Eating plants around as snacks

Drinking water from a vine

Using rivers to bathe

uses of the rainforest - clothes

Bird feathers and bark as body ornaments

Body paint from plants

Jewellery using the bones and teeth of animals

Uses of the rainforest - Shelter

Building settlements

Grazing cattle

Uses of the rainforest - Natural environment

Cutting trees to collect materials such as wood and rubber

Collecting medicine from plants for when they are sick

Using plants as cattle food

Growing crops

**Korubo** **tribe**

build houses on stilts and wear body paint to represent animals

**Tupi** **tribe**

rubber toppers and sell this to companies around the world

**Panara** **tribe**

they are nomadic, they move, they look after cattle and sell beef to companies

**Kayapo** **tribe**

wear colourful headdresses, put disks in their lips and ears to show importance

**What happened to the stolen generation?**

communities by the government in an attempt to ‘civilise’ them

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The forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families was official government policy from ^^1909 to 1969^^. 

However the practice took place both before and after this period. 

Governments, churches and welfare bodies all took part. 

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The removal policy was managed by the Aborigines Protection Board (APB). 

The APB was a government board established in ^^1909^^ with the power to remove children without parental consent and without a court order

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Children were placed with institutions and from the ^^1950s^^ began also being placed with white families

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In the ^^1990s^^ the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission started a national inquiry

\n While many records have been lost, it has been estimated that ^^1 - 3 in 10 Aboriginal children were forcibly removed between 1910 and 1970^^

**Short term impacts on the stolen generation**

* Children were neglected and abused
* They were more likely to suffer from mental illness
* They had poorer education
* Many parents suffered from the loss of their children

**Long term impacts on the stolen generation**

* Their life expectancy is 17 years lower than the average Australian
* They are 13 times more likely to be put in prison
* They are 3 times more likely to be unemployed 
* They are 8 times more likely to commit suicide
* Their culture and language is not being passed down generations
* 1 in 7 survivors live with a disability

Renewable

A natural resource that cannot be used up

Non-renewable

Sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes

oil pros and cons

**Pros -** Cheap, Reliable, produces jobs

**Cons -** It is a finite resource, bad for the ozone layer/ climate change

Coal pros and cons

**Pros -** Cheap, can be converted into different types of fuel

**Cons -** Largest contributor to global warming, nonrenewable

Solar pros and cons

**Pros -** Reduces electricity bills, reduces your carbon footprint

**Cons -** Weather dependent, expensive, takes up alot of space

Wind pros and cons

**Pros -** One of the cleanest forms of energy, creates wealth and local employment, non pollutant

**Cons -** Takes up lots of space, noisy, dangerous to some wildlife

what are tar sands?

Tar sands (also known as oil sands) are a mixture of mostly sand, clay, water, and a thick, molasses-like substance called bitumen.

It is a dense and extremely viscous form of petroleum

Tar sands pros

* Versatile transportation fuel costs
* Very high profit margin because of the high constant demand for it
* Financed by $19 billion a year in investments

Tar sands cons

* Getting it is a very long expensive process - high production costs than conventional oil
* Releases 3x greenhouse gases than conventional oil 
* Seepage can occur from the polluted tailing ponds - could harm clean water sources
* High rate of illness in a small nearby village because of the pollution created by the tailing ponds and in the freshwater sources
* The bitumen cannot flow unless heated
* It is a very carbon intensive way of retrieving oil
* It has a very high water use - uses lots of non recyclable fresh water
* Causes land disturbance in ecologically sensitive areas (one change in the environment could kill huge amounts of wildlife)

Epicenture

The point on the Earth's surface above the focus

focus

The point inside the crust where the pressure is released

**Pyroclastic flow**

A dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. It occurs as part of certain volcanic eruptions. A pyroclastic flow is extremely hot, burning anything in its path. It may move at speeds as high as 200 m/s

cinder core

A cone formed round a volcanic vent by fragments of lava thrown out during eruptions 

**Composite/ stratovolcano volcano**

* Alternate layers of lava and ash
* Steep slope
* Thick lava and pyroclastic flows
* Even surface due to secondary vents

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Lava type: basaltic or rhyolite

Example: Mount Fuji

**Shield volcano**

* Low and wide cone
* Thin runny lava
* Low explosivity

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Lava type: basaltic

Example: Mount Kilauea

Dome

* Thick lava
* Pyroclastic flows
* Smaller than other types

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Lava type: andesites, dacites and rhyolites

Example: Lassen peak in Lassen volcanic national park

Active

Erupted recently, likely to erupt again

**Dormant** 

Hasn’t erupted for 2000 years, but could erupt again

Extinct

Highly unlikely to ever erupt again

Crust

The outer layer of the Earth made up of solidified rocky plates

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The crust is not a solid shell

It is made up of thick connecting pieces called tectonic plates

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These fit together like a puzzle

Mantle

The layer of molten rock on which the crust floats

**Outer core**

Made up of very hot molten metal

**Inner core**

Mode of solid metal

**What happened - HAITI**

A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Haiti on Tuesday, 12 January 2010

The epicentre was approximately 25 km west of Haiti's capital. 

By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded.

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**Deaths**: 316,000

**Injured**: 300,000 

**Economic** **Cost**: $14billion

**Secondary** **Diseases**: Cholera

**Jobs** **Lost**: 20%

Reaction - HAITI

* Crucial aid was slow to arrive due to the damaged port.
* Bottled water and purification tablets were provided.
* 235,000 people were moved to less-damaged cities
* New homes were built to a higher standard although the response was slow. One year after the earthquake, over one million people were still living in temporary - shelters
* Tens of international charities donated and supported them along with many notable people/ groups including the queen. 
* There was much support from a wide range of countries and the UN - in total around 13 billion dollars have been donated as humanitarian aid.

**What happened - JAPAN**

On 11 March 2011, a massive 9.0 earthquake occurred off the Japanese coastline

The epicentre was 43 miles east of Tohoku at a depth of 20 miles.

The earthquake lasted 6 minutes and caused a tsunami wave that reached heights of over 40 metres.

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**Deaths**: 15,900 (most from the tsunami)

**Economic** Cost: $360billion

**Tsunami**: 6M high

**Damaged**: Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant

Reaction - JAPAN

* Rescue services were sent. 
* Field hospitals had to be set up. 
* Over 300000 were homeless and so the army helped to build many temporary shelters very quickly. 
* Rebuilding of the worst affected areas began almost immediately. 
* The original 12m tsunami barriers were replaced with ones that were 18m high. 
* The Japanese Red Cross received over $1 billion in donations and they gave out over 30,000 emergency relief kits and 14,000 sleeping kits

**Primary impacts (the immediate damage)**

* Collapsing bridges and buildings
* Damaged schools and hospitals
* Cracked and twisted roads & other transport links
* Death and injuries to individuals
* Panic and shock of the people affected

**Secondary impacts (the after effects of an earthquake)**

* Fires caused by broken gas mains and electrical cables. Fires develop due to the lack of water from broken pipes
* Tidal waves or Tsunamis 
* Landslides in steep sided valleys where the rocks are often weak
* Disease and famine due to lack of clean water and medical facilities
* Death caused by the cold of winter
* Economic impacts - e.g. tourists being put off, manufacturing and companies having to halt production
* Homelessness
* Delays in getting aid into the country 
* Jobs lost