Forgetting

Forgetting as complete loss from storage

Refers to a memory trace that is entirely erased from the brain, making it impossible to retrieve.

Forgetting as retrieval failure

Indicates that a memory remains stored but cannot be accessed due to ineffective retrieval cues.

Forgetting as loss of information over time

Describes the gradual decline in the ability to recall information as time passes, represented by the forgetting curve.

Reminiscence

The phenomenon where information previously forgotten is recalled later, suggesting that forgetting may not be permanent.

Decay theory

Proposes that memories fade over time due to lack of use but lacks a clear mechanism for how memory traces degrade.

Forgetting curve

Illustrates that most forgetting occurs soon after learning, with a steep initial decline that levels off over time.

Interference theory

States that forgetting occurs when other memories disrupt the retrieval of a target memory.

Retroactive interference

When new learning disrupts old memories, such as forgetting an old phone number after learning a new one.

Proactive interference

When older memories interfere with the learning of new information, like difficulty remembering a new password.

Input interference

Occurs when too many similar items are learned simultaneously, complicating retrieval.

Output interference

Happens when recalling one memory makes accessing other memories more difficult.

A-B, A-D paradigm

In this paradigm, participants first learn an A-B word pair (e.g., dog–table) and later learn an A-D pair (e.g., dog–window). When tested on the first pair, interference from the second pair makes recall harder, demonstrating retroactive interference.

Retrieval theories

Suggest that forgetting occurs because retrieval cues become less effective over time.

Cue overload

When too many items are linked to a single cue, making retrieval more challenging.

Consolidation

Refers to the process ensuring memory traces stabilize; disruptions can lead to forgetting.

Repression

Actively pushing some memories out of consciousness to protect against psychological distress.

Adaptive forgetting

Helps prioritize relevant information, prevents cognitive overload, and updates memories.