Chapter 16 Review

exorcism

involving incantations and prayers said over the individual’s body by a priest/religious figure.

Trephining

a hole was made in the skull to release spirits from the body. This often lead to death.

asylum

the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.

Deinstitutionalization

the closing of large asylums, by providing for people to stay in their communities and be treated locally

involuntary treatment

therapy that is not the individuals choice.

voluntary treatment

the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.

Sources of psychological treatment

community mental health centers, private or community practitioners, school counselors, school psychologists or school social workers, group therapy.

free association

patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment

dream analysis

therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.

transference

patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with their other relationships to the psychoanalyst.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior.

Sandplay or sandtray therapy

children can set up a three dimensional world using various figures and objects that correspond to their inner state (Kalff, 1991).

nondirective play therapy

children are encouraged to work through problems by playing freely while therapist observes.

directive play therapy

therapist provides structure/guidance by suggesting topics, asking questions, and playing with the child

aversive conditioning

uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior.

exposure therapy

seeks to change the response to a conditioned stimulus.

systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.

Virtual reality exposure therapy

uses a stimulation to help conquer fears when it’s too impractical, expensive or embarrassing to recreate anxiety-inducing situations.

Overgeneralizing

taking a small situation and making it huge.

Polarized (“black & white”) thinking

Seeing things in absolutes, ”I am either perfect, or a failure”. (Common in depression).

jumping to conclusions

assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, without evidence.

Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)

one of the first forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy, founded by Albert Ellis.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

works to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. (Aims to change both how people think and how they act).

nondirective therapy

therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps client identify conflicts and understand feelings.

active listening

therapist acknowledges, restates, and clarifies what the client expresses.

Unconditional positive regard

therapist does not judge clients and simply accepts them for who they are.

Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance towards clients

Rogers felt that therapists should demonstrate these because it helps the client become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.

Psychotropic medications

medications used to treat psychological disorders.

Antipsychotics

treat positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking dopamine.

Atypical antipsychotics

treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptor

Anti-depressants

alter levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Anti-anxiety agents

depress central nervous system activation

Mood stabilizers

treat episodes of mania as well as depression (Bipolar disorder).

Stimulants

improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention (ADHD).

Electroconvulsive therapy

induces seizures to help alleviate severe depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

magnetic fields stimulate nerve cells to improve depression symptom.

confidentiality

the therapist cannot disclose confidential communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted to do so by law.

Psycho-educational groups

groups with a strong educational component. E.g., group for children whose parents have cancer which teaches them about cancer.

Systems approach

family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior. Each member influences and is influenced by the others.

Structural family therapy

examines and discusses the boundaries and structure of the family. Therapist helps them resolve issues and learn to communicate effectively.

Strategic family therapy

aims to address specific problems within the family that can be dealt with in a short amount of time.

relapse

individual returns to abusing a substance after a period of improvement.

behavior therapy

can help motivate the addict to participate in the treatment program and teach strategies for dealing with cravings and how to prevent relapse.

Duration of treatment

At least 3 months is usually needed to achieve a positive outcome.

Holistic treatment

addresses multiple needs, not just the drug addiction, due to psychological, physiological, behavioral, and social aspect of abuseddicts are more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation.

group therapy

addicts are more likely to maintain sobriety in a group format due to the rewarding and therapeutic benefits of the group such as support, affiliation, identification, and even confrontation.

Parental involvement

correlated with greater reduction in use by teen substance abusers.

Cultural competence

mental health professionals must understand and address issues of race, culture, and ethnicity and use strategies to effectively address needs of various populations.