Anatomy Chapter 11

Human anatomy and physiology 1, Mercyhurst university, Lauren Giles

Satellite cell

surround peripheral cell bodies, Regulate environment around neurons, similar to astrocyte role in CNS

Astrocyte

Maintains the blood-brain barrier, among other CNS functions. They provide structural support and regulate ion and nutrient balance.

Oligodendrocytes

Provide CNS framework by stabilizing axons, Produce myelin, help to create a myelin sheath that insulates axons and enhances signal transmission.

Ependymal cells

Lines central canal (spinal cord),and ventricles (brain)

Assist in producing, circulating, monitoring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills these spaces/passages

microglia

Mobile phagocytic cells that remove cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

Schwann cells

Cover PNS axons with myelin

Somatic sensory receptors

Sensory receptors that detect changes in the external environment, such as touch, temperature, and pain, relaying this information to the central nervous system.

Visceral sensory neurons

Nerve cells that transmit sensory information from internal organs to the central nervous system.

Synaptic vesicles

Small membrane-bound structures in neurons that store neurotransmitters and release them into the synaptic cleft during neurotransmission.

resting membrane potential for a neuron

-70mv

Mechanically gated ion channels

Ion channels that open in response to mechanical deformation of the cell membrane, allowing ions to flow across the membrane.

Voltage-gated ion channels

Open or close in response to changes in membrane

potential, allowing specific ions to enter or exit the neuron.

Chemically gated ion channels

Open when they bind specific chemicals neuron. They play a key role in neurotransmitter signaling and synaptic transmission.

Most abundant on dendrites and cell body of a neuron, where most synaptic communication occurs

Absolute refractory period

Time during which the membrane cannot respond to any further stimulation

relative refractory period

Time during which the membrane can respond, but only to a stimulus that is stronger than normal

interneurons

The cells that form a "bridge" to carry impulses between sensory neurons and motor neurons

depolarization

Any shift from resting membrane potential toward a more positive value

Receptors that bind to ACh at the postsynaptic membrane