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free energy
energy required by organisms to carry out life processes
free energy is used for…
muscle contractions, active transport, protein synthesis
endergonic reactions
require an input of energy
exergonic reactions
release or give off energy
ATP +H2O → ADP + Pi + energy
exergonic reaction, energy is released and hydrolysis occurs
ADP + Pi + energy —>ATP +H2O
energy is stored and required (endergonic), dehydration synthesis occurs
most energy in endergonic reactions comes from an exergonic reaction involving…
ATP
Chlorophyll ____ green light
reflects
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2+6H2O+energy → C6H12O6+6O2
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light reactions
light energy is converted to chemical energy
light reactions ___ water molecules
split
Calvin Cycle
reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide and hydrogen from split water molecules in light reactions
Calvin Cycle makes _____
glucose
Light reactions event #1
Light energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the bonds of ATP
Light reactions event #2
Water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons. Oxygen is released as a byproduct by the plant
Light reactions event #3
Hydrogen ions from water are attached to carrier coenzymes for use in the Calvin Cycle where they will eventually become part of glucose
Light reactions take place in
grana of chloroplasts
What do thylakoid membranes do?
act as solar panels that collect sunlight
Calvin Cycle takes place in
stroma
Coenzymes
chemicals that carry hydrogen from split water molecules from the thylakoid membrane to stroma
NADP+
carrier coenzyme that can carry one hydrogen atom and two electrons
PGA
phosphoglyceric acid (not yet a sugar)
PGAL
phosophoglyceraldehyde (now a sugar)
cellular respiration
makes ATP from ADP
Aerobic cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
lactic acid fermentation equation
C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 4Pi → 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 4ATP
alcoholic fermentation equation
C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 4Pi → ethanol + 4ATP
aerobic cellular respiration step #1
glycolysis
aerobic cellular respiration step #2
citric acid cycle
aerobic cellular respiration step #3
electron transport chain
every cell on earth does this process
glycolysis
in glycolysis, glucose is broken down into ____
pyruvic acid
glycolysis creates a net gain of…
2 ATP
glycolysis takes place in
cytoplasm
between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is transformed into
Acetyl coenzyme A
when pyruvic acid becomes Acetyl co a, it moves from the ____ to the ____
cytoplasm to mitochondria
when pyruvic acid becomes Acetyl co a, it loses a ____ molecule
CO2
the citric acid cycle releases
CO2 and electrons
citric acid cycle takes place in
matrix
NAD+ can transport
one hydrogen atom and two electrons
FAD can transport
two hydrogen molecules and two electrons
electron transport chain
series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy which makes a lot of ATP
electron transport chain uses electrons left over from
glycolysis and citric acid cycle
electron transport chain takes place in
cristae
electron transport chain requires oxygen because
final electron acceptor in the chain is oxygen
in addition to ATP, ___ is made in the electron transport chain process
water
where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell?
mitochondria
carbon dioxide is an output of …
citric acid cycle
glucose is an input of
glycolysis
CO2 is an input of
calvin cycle
which step in aerobic cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
electron transport chain
CO2 enters the leaf through the
stomata
water is an output of
electron transport chain
rod shaped cells that contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll
ploem
transport dissolved nutrients such as sugar
Note 
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