Biology Cellular Energy Test

free energy

energy required by organisms to carry out life processes

free energy is used for…

muscle contractions, active transport, protein synthesis

endergonic reactions

require an input of energy

exergonic reactions

release or give off energy

ATP +H₂O → ADP + P_i + energy

exergonic reaction, energy is released and hydrolysis occurs

ADP + P_i + energy —>ATP +H₂O

energy is stored and required (endergonic), dehydration synthesis occurs

most energy in endergonic reactions comes from an exergonic reaction involving…

ATP

Chlorophyll ____ green light

reflects

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂+6H₂O+energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light reactions

light energy is converted to chemical energy

light reactions ___ water molecules

split

Calvin Cycle

reactions that form simple sugars using carbon dioxide and hydrogen from split water molecules in light reactions

Calvin Cycle makes _____

glucose

Light reactions event #1

Light energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the bonds of ATP

Light reactions event #2

Water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons. Oxygen is released as a byproduct by the plant

Light reactions event #3

Hydrogen ions from water are attached to carrier coenzymes for use in the Calvin Cycle where they will eventually become part of glucose

Light reactions take place in

grana of chloroplasts

What do thylakoid membranes do?

act as solar panels that collect sunlight

Calvin Cycle takes place in

stroma

Coenzymes

chemicals that carry hydrogen from split water molecules from the thylakoid membrane to stroma

NADP+

carrier coenzyme that can carry one hydrogen atom and two electrons

PGA

phosphoglyceric acid (not yet a sugar)

PGAL

phosophoglyceraldehyde (now a sugar)

cellular respiration

makes ATP from ADP

Aerobic cellular respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

lactic acid fermentation equation

C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 4Pi → 2CH3CHOHCOOH + 4ATP

alcoholic fermentation equation

C6H12O6 + 4ADP + 4Pi → ethanol + 4ATP

aerobic cellular respiration step #1

glycolysis

aerobic cellular respiration step #2

citric acid cycle

aerobic cellular respiration step #3

electron transport chain

every cell on earth does this process

glycolysis

in glycolysis, glucose is broken down into ____

pyruvic acid

glycolysis creates a net gain of…

2 ATP

glycolysis takes place in

cytoplasm

between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is transformed into

Acetyl coenzyme A

when pyruvic acid becomes Acetyl co a, it moves from the ____ to the ____

cytoplasm to mitochondria

when pyruvic acid becomes Acetyl co a, it loses a ____ molecule

CO2

the citric acid cycle releases

CO2 and electrons

citric acid cycle takes place in

matrix

NAD+ can transport

one hydrogen atom and two electrons

FAD can transport

two hydrogen molecules and two electrons

electron transport chain

series of molecules along which electrons are transferred, releasing energy which makes a lot of ATP

electron transport chain uses electrons left over from

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

electron transport chain takes place in

cristae

electron transport chain requires oxygen because

final electron acceptor in the chain is oxygen

in addition to ATP, ___ is made in the electron transport chain process

water

where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell?

mitochondria

carbon dioxide is an output of …

citric acid cycle

glucose is an input of

glycolysis

CO2 is an input of

calvin cycle

which step in aerobic cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

electron transport chain

CO2 enters the leaf through the

stomata

water is an output of

electron transport chain

rod shaped cells that contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis

palisade mesophyll

ploem

transport dissolved nutrients such as sugar