REPRODUCTION

WHAT IS A DIPLOID CELL

Diploid is a term that refers to the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells

WHAT ARE X AND Y CHROMOSOMES

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* The X and Y chromosomes are the two sex chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an individual.
* Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.

WHICH CELLS SECRETE TESTOSTERONE

* Testosterone is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males.
* In females, small amounts of testosterone are secreted by the ovaries and adrenal glands.
* PRODUCE IN 7TH WEEK OF DEVELOPING EMBRYO

HOW DOES SPERM MOVE

* Sperm moves through a process called flagellation, where the tail of the sperm, also known as the flagellum, propels the sperm forward in a whip-like motion.
* This movement is powered by the energy produced by the mitochondria located in the midpiece of the sperm.

WHAT HAPPENS TO TESTES IN PUBERTY

From puberty onwards-

* interstitial cells (Leydig cells) produce androgens (male sex hormones- the most important being testosterone)

WHAT DOES THE PROSTATE GLAND DO

* The prostate gland is a part of the male reproductive system that produces and secretes a fluid that makes up a part of semen.
* The fluid helps to nourish and protect sperm as they travel through the female reproductive system.

WHICH IS THE THICKEST LAYER OF THE UTERUS

The thickest layer of the uterus is the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue.

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*The uterus is made up of 3 layers: the endometrium (inner layer), the myometrium (the thickest layer composed almost entirely of muscle), and the serosa (the thin outer lining of the uterus).*

WHAT IS THE SPACE BETWEEN THE LABIA KNOWN AS?

The space between the labia is known as the vulva vestibule.

WHAT IS THE WIDENED AREA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE CALLED

AMPULLA

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*The ampulla is the widest part of the tube with a maximal luminal diameter of 1* *cm, and a length of 5 cm. It curves over the ovary, and is the primary site of fertilization*

WHAT CAUSES POLYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE? IS IT CAUSED BY A DEFECT IN PKD 1/2?

A gene mutation

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* gene mutation developed on its own, without either parent carrying a copy of the mutated gene.
* Most cases of polycystic kidney disease have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
*  People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the PKD1 or PKD2 gene in each cell.

WHAT DOES TESTOSTERONE DO?

* Believed that it programmes the hypothalamus at this point when to trigger puberty (sexual maturation)
* Although levels remain low until puberty they are still higher than a female child
* regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.
*  A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen.WHAT IS A ME

WHAT IS THE MATURE OVARIAN FOLLICLE CALLED

**Graafian follicle.**

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*2.5 cm in diameter at the time of ovulation, and it protrudes from the surface of the ovary.*

*Rounded enclosures for the developing ova in the cortex near the surface of the ovary.*

*Provides for the maturation and release of a fertilizable oocyte*

WHICH HORMONE CAUSES OVULATION

**luteinizing hormone (LH).**

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*aids in egg maturation and provides the hormonal trigger to cause ovulation and the release of eggs from the ovary.*

WHAT IS THE OVARIAN CYCLE

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* The ovarian cycle is the process by which the ovaries prepare and release an egg for fertilization.
* It is regulated by hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
* Consists of three phases: the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.

WHAT IS THE FOLLICULAR PHASE

* Involves recruiting and prepping oocyte follicles for ovulation.
* This phase begins on the first day of menstruation and ends with the ovulation of an egg.
* Levels of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increase, causing follicles to develop on the ovary.
* The follicles produce estrogen and progesterone, which cause LH and FSH levels to rise and fall rapidly, leading to ovulation. T
* his phase lasts approximately 14 days.

WHAT IS OVULATION

* an increase in LH causes a mature follicle to rupture and release an egg.
* It occurs once every 28 days, generally on day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
* Ovulation does not occur while a female is pregnant due to increased levels of progesterone that maintain the uterine wall and prevent the release of additional eggs.

WHAT IS THE LUTEAL PHASE?

*(aka the postovulatory phase)*

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* occurs after ovulation on day 15 until day 28 of the cycle.
* During this phase, the follicle that ruptured during ovulation undergoes changes and produces a group of cells called a corpus luteum.
* The cyst-like corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone
* If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, and LH and FSH production begins to start the next menstrual cycle.
* This cycle lasts approximately 14 days.

WHAT FIRST BREAST MILK CALLED?

The first breast milk produced by a mother after giving birth is called colostrum. It is rich in nutrients and antibodies that help protect the newborn from infections.

WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?

*External*

* Collectively termed vulva (consists of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris)

*Internal*

* Vagina
* Uterus and cervix
* Fallopian tubes
* Ovaries

WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM?

*External*

* Penis
* Scrotum containing testes
* Epididymis

*Internal*

* Vas deferens
* Prostate gland
* Seminal vesicle

WHERE IS SPERM PRODUCED?

Sperm is produced in the testes, specifically in the seminiferous tubules.

WHERE ARE TESTES LOCATED?

* Located in the scrotum- each enclosed in a double layered membrane and individual cavities
* Formed within the abdominal cavity adjected to the kidneys during foetal development

WHAT DO TESTES DO

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Testes are male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone hormone

WHAT PRODUCES PROTECTION FOR EMBRYO?

**Amniotic sac.** \n \n *The sac is filled with liquid made by the fetus (amniotic fluid) and the membrane that covers the fetal side of the placenta (amnion). This protects the fetus from injury.*

WHAT PRODUCES AMNIOTIC FLUID?

Generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes by osmotic and hydrostatic forces.

When fetal kidneys begin to function around week 16, fetal urine also contributes to the fluid.

WHATS THE INTERNAL PORTION OF THE UTERUS CALLED?

Endometrium

WHAT IS THE MENOPAUSE?

* Menopause is a point in time when you’ve gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual cycle.

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* ovaries have stopped releasing eggs and stopped producing most of their estrogen
* USE ENERGY DIFFERENTLY

WHAT IS THE STAGES OF THE MENOPAUSE?

* **Perimenopause or “menopause transition”**:
* **Menopause**:
* **Postmenopause**:

WHAT IS THE PREMENOPAUSE?

* 10 years before
* create less oestrogen
* In the last one to two years of perimenopause, the drop in estrogen accelerates.
* At this stage, many people may experience menopause symptoms

WHAT IS POST-MENOPAUSE?

* Time after you haven’t had a period for an entire year (or the rest of your life after menopause)
* GET SYMPTOMS- E.G HOT FLUSHES
* People continue to experience menopausal symptoms for a decade or longer after the menopause transition
* Lower estrogen level, people in the postmenopausal phase are at an increased risk for several health conditions

WHAT IS A MAMMOGRAM

X RAY OF THE BREAST

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*Your breasts are compressed between two firm surfaces to spread out the breast tissue*

*Then an X-ray captures black-and-white images that are displayed on a computer screen and examined for signs of cancer.*

WHAT IS A PARTIAL MASTECTOMY

* Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself.
* Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy.
* Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it.

WHAT IS A FULL MASTECTOMY?

Breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast.

WHAT IS THE NAME OF A PAINFUL PERIOD

dysmenorrhoea

WHAT DOES TESTOSTERONE NOT DO?

* Reduced body and facial hair
* Loss of muscle mass
* Low libido, impotence, small testicles, reduced sperm count and infertility
* Increased breast size
* Hot flashes
* Irritability, poor concentration and depression
* Loss of body hair
* Brittle bones and an increased risk of fracture