Chapter 15 - Plant Reproduction

Two distinct stages in their lifestyle:

1. Gametophyte

2. Sporophyte

What does the Haploid Gametophyte produce and by what process? In multicellular structures

male and female gametes, mitosis

Fusion of male and female gametes develops into …

sporophyte

How does the Diploid Sporophyte produce spores by and then divide by …. to create …

Meiosis, Mitosis, Haploid Gametophyte

In angiosperms, flowers house the …. generation

Gametophyte

Flowers are made in layers called ….

whorls

4 Whorl layers of a flower

1. Sepals - outermost

2. Petals - second whorl

3. Stamens - Third whorl

4. Carpel - innermost whorl

What is a stamen?

pollen is the male gametophyte

What is a carpel?

house of the female gametophyte = ovule(s)

Flowers are known as the…

reproductive parts

What part contains the Ovary? What does the ovary contain?

Carpel (female part of the flower) and ovule

Ovary becomes …. and Ovule becomes ….

fruit, seed

Stigma (part of a carpel)

tip where pollen lands (sticky)

Style (part of the carpel)

Neck or stalk leading to ovary

2 Parts of Stamen (male part of a flower)

1. Anther

2. Filament

Anther (male part of a flower)

contains pollen grains

Filament (male part of a flower)

holds anther up

Pistil

the full flower

Carpal is basic or complex units?

Basic unit

What is Pistil arrangment?

arrangement of 1 or more carpels

Where does pollination form?

the anther

Self-pollination

pollen goes from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant

Cross Pollination

transferring pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of a different individual of the same species (using bees)

Most pollinators are biotic agents such as …

bees, flies, butterflies, bats, birds, and other animals

Some plant species are pollinated by abiotic agents like

wind and water

Cross-pollination allows for more …

genetic diversity

The different locations, times, and physical features of a plant help avoid…

self-pollination

Dioecious

male and female plant to fertilize, only makes either male or female parts

Double fertilization (2 sperm)

A sperm and egg unites to form a diploid zygote, a new sporophyte

• provides nutrients to the embryo

Triploid Endosperm

Other sperm unites with the two polar nuclei

3 Generations of Seeds

1. Integument - Parent sporophyte (protective covering)

2. Endosperm - parent gametophyte

3. Embryo - new offspring

The integument develops into a relatively ….

impermeable seed coat

Germinates definition

starts growing when conditions are favorable

Fun fact about Serotinous Cones

do not open until exposed to the fire

Mature ovaries are also known as….

carpels

Is it possible for fruits to develop without seed development?

yes

Pericarp

the ovary wall

3 layers of the pericarp

1. Exocarp - skin or rind

2. Mesocarp - flesh or pulp

3. Endocarp - surrounds seeds (pit)

Asexual plants some can produce seeds without …

fertilization

Apomixis

ovule or part of the ovary that gives rise to a new seed

Stolon

stem that runs along the ground

Cuttings

a portion of the stem containing nodes and internodes is place in mosit soil (or water) and allowed to root

Layering

a stem is bent and covered with soil