Lecture Notes on Salivary Glands and Thyroid

Flashcards based on lecture notes about salivary glands, TIRADS, biopsies, breast imaging, thyroid pathology, and neck anatomy.

Which salivary gland is the largest?

The Parotid gland

What is another name for the Parotid duct?

Stensen Duct

Where are tumors/neoplasms most commonly located regarding salivary glands?

Parotid glands

What is the major sublingual duct also known as?

Bartholin duct

Which salivary duct produces the most saliva in the mouth?

Submandibular duct

What is the most common salivary gland disease?

Sialolithiasis

Where is Sialolithiasis most commonly located?

Submandibular gland

What is the most common salivary gland tumor?

Pleomorphic Adenomas

What is the most common location of Pleomorphic Adenomas?

Parotid gland

Where do Warthin’s Tumors most commonly arise?

Parotid, favors the tail

What does TR1 indicate in TIRADS?

Benign, no FNA

What does TR2 indicate in TIRADS?

Not suspicious, no FNA

What does TR3 indicate in TIRADS?

Mildly suspicious, (FNA if >2.5cm, Follow up if >1.5cm)

What does TR4 indicate in TIRADS?

Moderately suspicious, (FNA if >1.5cm, Follow up if >1cm)

What does TR5 indicate in TIRADS?

Highly suspicious, (FNA if >1cm, Follow up if >0.5cm)

What is the most common and effective screening tool for the breast?

Mammography

When is screening mammography used?

Asymptomatic patients

When is diagnostic mammography used?

Symptomatic patients or to further assess an abnormality found on a screening mammogram

What is a mammography able to detect?

Suspicious patterns of microcalcifications

What is the first imaging sign of a developing malignancy in the breast?

Microcalcifications

What two factors play a role in mammary glands anatomy?

Age and hormonal status

What is Polythelia?

Accessory nipple

Which lymph node is the first to drain a cancerous tumor and at most risk for metastasis?

Sentinel Lymph Node

Where does most breast pathology arise from?

TDLUs (Terminal Ductolobular Units)

Where are TDLUs almost always found?

Mammary layer

What is one of the most significant breast conditions in men?

Gynecomastia

What provides the diagnosis of benign vs malignant thyroid pathology?

FNA cytology

What is the most common thyroid function disorder?

Hypothyroidism

What is the most common cause (in iodine sufficient areas) for Primary Hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

What are the most common signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism?

Cold intolerance, hoarseness, weight gain, menstrual irregularities, constipation, decreased sweating

What is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis?

Graves disease

What is the most common sign/symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss

What is the common sonographic appearance of hyperthyroidism?

Thyroid inferno

What are Goiters?

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) Nuclear Medicine scintigraphy examination differentiates what thyroid conditions?

Hot vs Cold Nodules

What causes the majority of nodular thyroid disease?

Hyperplasia

What is the most common thyroid carcinoma?

Papillary carcinoma

What is the second most common thyroid carcinoma?

Follicular carcinoma

Medullary carcinoma is derived from what cells?

Parafollicular cells (c-cells)

Thyroglossal duct cysts are most commonly what type of structure?

midline cystic structure

Which Brachial cleft cysts is most common?

2nd brachial cleft cysts

What are the most common spaces for abscesses in the neck?

submandibular space, retropharyngeal space and parapharyngeal space

What is the function of PTH?

Increases calcium and decreases phosphorus levels

What are the lab tests for parathyroid glands?

PTH levels and calcium levels

What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia?

Hyperparathyroidism

What can cause hypocalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

Functions to control the basometabolic rate

Which cells process iodine to secrete T3 and T4 to increase metabolism?

Follicular cells

Which cells secrete Calcitonin?

Parafollicular cells (c-cells)

What does Euthyroid mean?

Normal lab values

Iodine binds with what hormone?

Thyroglobulin

What does TRH stand for?

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

What does TSH stand for?

thyroid stimulating hormone

What muscles are the 4 strap muscles also known as infrahyoid muscles?

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid muscles

What glands are located in the neck?

parotids, submandibular and sublinguals, thyroid glands and parathyroid glands