Music Cultures 3

• As a type of frame drum, the kompang is a

• Option 1

  membranophone

  Option 2

  chordophone

  Option 3

  metallophone

  Option 4

  idiophone

membranophone

True or False? The Largest instrument in the gamelan ensemble is the gong ageng.

True

True or False? The word ‘colotomic’ refers to the skeletal structure of a melody in Javanese music.

False

True or False? Denoting “Malay world,” alam Melayu encompasses multiple sovereign nations.

True

• The Wayang Kulit is a form of what type of entertainment?

• Option 1

  Shadow puppetry

  Option 2

  Sacred courtly dance

  Option 3

  Opera

  Option 4

  Popular song

Shadow puppetry

• Which of the following is a word for the Javanese court?

• Option 1

  Pusaka

  Option 2

  Ompak

  Option 3

  Kraton

  Option 4

  Ngelik

Kraton

• The Bedhaya is a form of what type of entertainment?

• Option 1

  Shadow puppetry

  Option 2

  Sacred courtly dance

  Option 3

  Opera

  Option 4

  Popular song

Sacred courtly dance

Alam Melayu

Meaning “the Malay World,” and the term for the traditional homeland of the Malay people, which straddles the nation-states of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Brunei.

Angklung

A kind of pitched bamboo rattle used in gamelan angklung.

Asli

Generic word for Malay heritage that, in a musical context, refers to both a highly melismatic Malay traditional song featuring pantuns and a traditional Malay ensemble.

Austronesian

A large group of various peoples spread across Taiwan, the Malay Peninsula, Island Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar, and who speak Austronesian languages.

Balungan

Skeletal melody in Javanese music.

Bangsawan

Late nineteenth- and early twentieth century musical theater genre popular throughout the Malay World.

Banjars

Balinese neighborhood associations that organize cultural activities, house instruments, and provide practice space.

Bedhaya

Sacred court dance of Java.

Bonang

Multi-octave bronze instrument responsible for elaboration in Javanese gamelan.

Colotomic structure

The marking of fixed beats within the metric structure of a musical piece by particular instruments; in gamelan music these include gong, kenong, kempul, and ketuk.

Dangdut

(Maritime Southeast Asia).Popular Indonesian musical style that combines Western rock and Indian film music influences.

Dhalang

Master puppeteer of the Javanese shadow-puppet play (wayang kulit).

Dondang sayang

Meaning “Love Song,” this genre is often associated with the Straits Chinese (also known as the Baba-Nonya).

Gambus

A type of Islamic song having Arabic influence; the name of the plucked lute used to accompany this song.

Gamelan Gong Kebyar

A modern type of Balinese music and the dance it accompanies, which is noted for its virtuosic and unpredictable playing style.

Gamelan

An ensemble of instruments such as those found in Indonesia.

Gangsa

Gendèr-type instruments used in gamelan gong-kebyar.

Gendang

Barrel-shaped Malay drums.

Ghazal

Malay musical genre named after the type of Persian poetry that is prominent throughout South Asia.

Gong ageng

Large hanging gong; the most important instrument in a Javanese gamelan and core of the colotomic foundation.

Gong Chime

Term used to describe “pot gongs” of different shapes, sizes, and pitches with a raised knob in the middle, and struck with a beater.

Gong

Typically a hammered bronze cymbal, suspended, and hit with a mallet.

Gongan

The time between gong ageng strikes; can be thought of as a section of music that is typically repeated.

Harmonium

Portable reed organ, with a single keyboard and a hand-operated bellows; of European origin, but used widely in parts of Maritime Southeast Asia.

Joget

A lively dance form associated with old Malacca that is performed at weddings and social functions.

Kecak

A type of dance drama accompanied by a large male chorus that chants rhythmically, while dancers stream into the performance area depicting Ramayana characters; usually performed for tourists.

Kompang

A type of a circular, single-sided, frame drum widely used in Malay music.

Kotekan

interlocking rhythms important within gamelan kebyar performances and consisting of two parts (a lower part and a higher part) played on two separate instruments. Generally, multiple pairs of instruments are simultaneously involved in performing kotekan.

Kraton

Javanese royal court.

Kulitang

Gong chime tradition of the Philippines and associated with the island of Mondanao.

Mak Yong

Malay dance-drama form associated with the northern state of Kelantan.

Malays

Ethnic group that emerged along the coasts and rivers of what are today known as Sumatra (Indonesia), the Malay Peninsula (Malaysia), the Riau islands (Indonesia), Singapore, and Borneo (an island now divided between the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei).

Pabasa

In the Philippines, the public chanting of the narrative of the Passion of Christ, which is read during Holy Week.

Pantun

A kind of improvised sung poetry performed as couplets or quatrains, which can be sung on its own or within certain musical genres.

Pathet

Particular ways of emphasizing certain pitches within slendro and pelog in Javanese music.

Pelog

The heptatonic tuning system of Javanese music.

Rebana

In Malaysia, refers to the instruments (of varying sizes) that make up a family of frame drums including the kompang.

Saron

A type of Indonesian instrument having thick bronze slab keys lying over a trough resonator.

Slendro

The pentatonic tuning system of Javanese music.

Wali Sanga

Nine Sufi saints, revered for their role in spreading Islam throughout Java.

Wayang kulit

Indonesian shadow play accompanied with gamelan music.

Zapin

An Arab-influenced dance popular throughout the Malay World.

• Which of the following is a common trope that distorts Western constructions of “Africa”?

• Option 1

  Africa needs the help and governance of brave and compassionate foreigners

  Option 2

  Africa is populated by primitive people lost in time

  Option 3

  Africa is a vast expanse of unclaimed land

  Option 4

  Africans exert influence over their surroundings through violence and war

  Option 5

  All of the above

All of the above

• In 2016, Beninese singer ____ released a remake of Remain in Light, originally released by Talking Heads in 1980. She emphasizes the songs’ Africanness with iconic instruments, harmonies, and rhythms.

• Option 1

  Anjelique Kidjo

  Option 2

  Halima Namakula

  Option 3

  Bi Kidude

  Option 4

  Oumou Sangare

Anjelique Kidjo

True or False? Africa is not poor; rather, Africa has been and continues to be actively impoverished by Europe and the West.

True

• In 1965, South African vocalist _____ was the first African recording artist to win a Grammy Award. This artist used their fame to speak against the apartheid regime.

• Option 1

  Ray Lema

  Option 2

  Lebohang Morake

  Option 3

  Miriam Makeba

  Option 4

  Hugh Masekela

Miriam Makeba

True or False? The question of what counts and what does not count as “African music” is riddled with problems and is a source of debate amongst scholars, musicians, and producers.

True

• According to the proverb, “History will glorify the hunter until the lion has his own ____.” The ___ is an oral historian and memory keeper who in many African cultures is also a musician.

• Option 1

  griot

  Option 2

  troubadour

  Option 3

  missionary

  Option 4

  none of the above

griot

A capella

Without instrumental accompaniment.

Afrobeat

A style of popular music incorporating elements of African music and jazz, soul, and funk.

Bongo Flava

A style in dialogue with hip hop that developed in Tanzania during the 1990s. Additional influences are incorporated from reggae, R&B, afrobeat, dancehall, and traditional Tanzanian styles such as taarab and dansi.

Call and response

Musical phrases that alternate between two different performers or performing groups in such a way that it sounds like one group is answering the other.

Colonialism

A structure of conquest and control in which one country gains political power over another through economic, social, and cultural exploitation, usually in pursuit of natural resources.

Congolese Rumba

A popular genre of dance music which originated in the Congo basin during the 1940s, deriving from Cuban son. The style gained popularity throughout Africa during the 1960s and 1970s.

Djembe

A kind of goblet drum played with bare hands, originally from West Africa.

Griot

A generic French word introduced by Europeans to describe social roles that have specific names in indigenous languages.

Highlife

A form of urban-popular dance-band music of Ghana; also played in Nigeria and elsewhere in West Africa.

Imperialism

The political framework in which one nation seeks to exert power over another through direct or indirect seizure of geographic, political, and cultural territories; the foundation for colonialism.

Juju

A form of Nigerian popular music associated with the Yoruba that combines electric instruments with indigenous drums and percussion.

Kora

A twenty-one-string bridge harp played by Mande jalolu.

Mental Colonization

The internalized attitude of ethnic or cultural inferiority felt by people as a consequence of colonization.

Neoliberal Capitalism

An economic model based on the unlimited and unequal amassing of wealth, and emphasizing deregulation of industry, companies, and private investors. The widespread adoption of this model has resulted in the transfer of power from the public to private sectors, and has necessitated the creation of a network of economic, political, and cultural processes in order to hold this system together.

Odious debt

In economic theory, the practice of canceling national debt incurred by dictators. In practice, these nations often continue to carry the load of debt so as to not diminish their international standing. Often, colonizing nations claimed colonies had accrued debts during colonization that needed to be repaid after independence, thus reinforcing a cycle of economic dependence.

Sabar drums

A traditional instrument of Serer origin, and important within Senegal and the Gambia.

Sebene

The Sebene is a kind of instrumental bridge typically executed on the electric guitar and is a characteristic element of the Congolese rumba.

Taarab

A music genre popular in Tanzania and Kenya. It is influenced by the musical traditions of the African Great Lakes, North Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.

Tama drum

The tama is a “talking drum,” or a drum whose pitch can be regulated. The player puts the tama under one shoulder and beats the tama with a curved stick held in the other hand.