Geological hazards

Geological hazards

processes that may cause the loss of lives, injuries, damage to property, social and economic disruption as it may result in the loss of livelihood or environmental damage.

Mass wasting or slope movement

Geomorphic process which may be in soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a mass influenced by gravity and frequently affected by water.

Geomorphic process

refers to the changing evolution of topographic features of the Earth, created by various physical process taking place on the earths surface.

Bioturbation

- that the biological soils and sediments are continuously done by plants and animals, such as burrowing annelids.

SUDDEN GEOLOGIC HAZARD

- happen very quickly and with little or no waning. Often, these are the recurrent, small0- scale, low- severity disasters, observed to be mostly localized event.

Landslide

Is a general term referring to all types of surface movement, particularly those involving the mass downhill movement of soil, rock, or snow due to gravity, including the landform that results from such movement.

SHALLOW LANDSLIDES

- occur when the sliding surface range from a few decimeters to a few meters of soil or weathered bedrock. It often happen in areas with slopes made up of high permeable soils on top of low permeable soils.

DEAP- SEATED LANDSLIDES

- have deep sliding surfaces that are located below the maximum rooting depth of trees, often depths at more than 10 meters, and often occurs slowly but in occasional instances move faster.

FALL

- occurs when soil or rocks abruptly detach from a deep slope or cliff, about 45-90 degrees (nearly vertical), and usually with a high elevation.

Topple

- is similar to a domino falling down when it resting on its narrow edge or, a loaf of bread that is being slide on its width.

SLIDE

material made up of a rock or soil mass has a downslope movement, and is separated from more stable underlying materials.

ROTATIONAL SLIDE

- the surface of ruptured is curved concavely upward and slide movement roughly rotates about an axis that is parallel to the ground surface and transverse across the slide.

TRANSLATIONAL SLIDE

- the landslide mass moves along a roughly planar surface with almost no rotation or backward tilting.

SPREAD

The fourth type of slide, is an example of landslide often caused by liquefaction or the general subsidence of a fractured rock or soil mass into softer underlying material.

Lateral spread

distinctively occur very gentle slope when a stronger upper layer of rock moves above an underlying soft .

Rock spread

refers to solid or hard ground that pulls from the stable ground in one solid mass.

Block spread

, the weaker underlying may squeeze upward into the fractures. Liquefaction spread, the upper stable layer on top.

FLOW

Is a continuous movement of displaced mass, resembling a viscous liquid.

ROCK FLOW

- flow movements in bedrock that are slow and usually occurs on slope that are at a 45- 90 degree angle.

ROCK AVALANCH(STURZSTROM)

- extremely rapid flow with massive amounts of flow material made up of fragmented rock from a large rock slide or rock fall.

DEBRIS FLOW

- extremely rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock and sometimes organic matter such as trees and vegetation.

DEBRIS AVALANCHE

- large, extremely rapid often open-slope flows formed when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is rapidly transported away from the slope.

EARTHFLOW

- usually occur on gentle to moderate slope, generally in fine-grained soil, commonly clay or silt.

MUDFLOW

- an earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly wherein more than half are sand, silt and clay

CREEP/SLOW EARTHFLOW

- is the imperceptibly slow, steady downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock, producing permanent deformation.

NATURAL CAUSES

- Volcanic eruptionVibrations made by earthquakes.

HUMAN CAUSES

- Removal of vegetationOverloading slopesMining and quarrying activities.