Human Growth and Development

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Infinite Generativity

The ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Phonology

Sound system of language; how the sounds are used and combined - phoneme is smallest unit of sound

Syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Morphology

the study of word formation and structure

Semantics

The study of meaning and word interpretation

Pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

Crying

From Birth

Cooing

1 to 2 months

Babbling

around 6 months

Gestures

8 to 12 months

Receptive Vocabulary

includes all of the words the child understands

Infancy

Newborns can recognize sound changes, and can recognize their own language sounds at 6 months

Two-Word Utterances

Begins at 18-24 months and the child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context

Telegraphic Speech

Is the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

Basic Skills and Phonics Approach

Instruction should teach phonics and it's basic rules; reading should involve simplified materials

Adolescence

Increased use and understanding of: Sophisticated words, and analysis and abstract thinking

Metaphors

Implied comparison of unlike things

Satire

use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness

Dialect

Is a variety of language distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation

Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon

experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Alzheimers disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

Aphasia

inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion

Broca's Area

controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 081)

Wernicke's Area

controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe

Chomsky

linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

Language Acquisition Device

Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally

Child Directed Speech

a special form of speech with an exaggerated and high-pitched intonation that adults use to speak to infants and young children

Recasting

changing a particular word or phrase

Expanding

restating

Labeling

identifying the names of objects

Emotions

feelings created in response to thoughts, remarks, and events

Emotional Regulation

Strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.

Early Emotions

Surprise, Joy, Anger, Sadness, Fear and Disgust. Appears in first 6 months of life

Self-Conscious Emotions

Appears in the first 18 months-2 years and acquires and use society's standards and rules. Empathy, jealousy, and embarrassment

Basic Cry

a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry

Anger Cry

a variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

Pain Cry

a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

Reflexive Smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.

Social Smile

the smile evoked by the stimulus of the human face. first appears between 6 and 10 weeks

Fear

First appears about 6 months and peaks at 18 months

Stranger Anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Separation protest

infant's distress reaction to being separated from his/her mother; peaks at 15 months

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Older adults become more selective about their social networks - spend time with familiar people.

Goodness of Fit

A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community

Attachment

emotional ties that form between people

Affectionate Love

An individual desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the other person.

Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Love

passion- physical

intimacy- emotional committment- intent to maintian

Self

your consciousness of your own identity

Identity

sense of self

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Self-Understanding

The representation of self; the substance and content of self-conceptions

Perspective Taking

the capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling

Self Awareness

the ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, as well as their impact on others

Possible Selves

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future.

Life Review

The idea of looking back, re-evaluating, interpreting, and reinterpreting one's life

Self Esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Self Concept

A sense of one's identity and personal worth.

Narcissism

excessive self-love; absorption in oneself

Self regulation

Changing from a dependent infant to a self-regulating adult

Selection

Reduction in performance

Optimization

Continue practice, use of technology

Compensation

concealment; offsetting or counterbalancing a deficiency

Primary control striving

Change external world to fit ones needs and desires; attain personal goals and overcome obstacles

Secondary Control striving

Targets ones inner worlds; motivation, emotion, and mental representation

Identity versus Identity confusion

According to Erikson, the major developmental task of adolescence is developing a stable ego identity, or sense of who one is. Failure results in developing a negative identity or in role confusion.

Psychosocial moratorium

A period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities

Crisis

exploring alternatives during identity development

Commitment

individuals show personal investment in what they are going to do

Generativity

the desire, in middle age, to use one's accumulated wisdom to guide future generations

Stagnation

motionlessness; inactivity