Improvement in Food Resources and Agricultural Practices

Sustainable practices

Methods to maintain ecological balance in agriculture.

Food security

Availability and access to sufficient food.

Mixed farming

Combining crops and livestock for efficiency.

Intercropping

Growing different crops in proximity for benefits.

Integrated farming

Combining agriculture with other activities like fishing.

Cereal crops

Grains like wheat, rice, and maize for energy.

Pulse crops

Legumes providing protein, e.g., lentils and peas.

Oil seeds

Plants like soybeans and sunflower for fats.

Fodder crops

Plants grown specifically to feed livestock.

Green revolution

Increase in food production through modern techniques.

White revolution

Boost in milk production and efficiency.

Kharif season

Monsoon season crops, June to October.

Rabi season

Winter season crops, November to April.

Production efficiency

Maximizing output from existing agricultural resources.

Natural resources

Elements from nature used in agriculture.

Population growth

Increase in number of people needing food.

Agriculture

Cultivation of plants for food production.

Animal husbandry

Raising animals for food and other products.

Crop protection

Methods to safeguard crops from pests and diseases.

Seed selection

Choosing quality seeds for planting success.

Nurturing crops

Care and maintenance of plants during growth.

Food demand

Need for food due to population size.

Cultivable land

Land suitable for growing crops.

Crop Variety Improvement

Enhancing crop strains for better yields.

Hybridisation

Crossing genetically dissimilar plants for traits.

Intervarietal Crossing

Crossing between different varieties of the same species.

Interspecific Crossing

Crossing between different species within the same genus.

Intergeneric Crossing

Crossing between different genera of plants.

Genetically Modified Crops

Crops altered for desired traits via gene introduction.

Photoperiods

Duration of sunlight affecting plant growth and flowering.

Macro-nutrients

Nutrients required in large quantities by plants.

Micro-nutrients

Nutrients required in small quantities by plants.

Nutrient Management

Providing essential nutrients for optimal plant growth.

Biotic Factors

Living factors affecting crop production, like pests.

Abiotic Factors

Non-living factors affecting crop production, like weather.

Higher Yield

Increased productivity of crops per acre.

Improved Quality

Enhancing specific quality traits of crop products.

Drought Tolerance

Ability of crops to withstand dry conditions.

Salinity Tolerance

Crops' ability to grow in high salt soils.

Water Logging Resistance

Crops' ability to survive in excess water.

Crop Production Management

Strategies to optimize farming practices and yields.

No Cost Production

Farming practices with minimal financial inputs.

Low Cost Production

Farming practices requiring limited financial investment.

High Cost Production

Farming practices involving significant financial resources.

Cultivation Practices

Methods used to grow crops effectively.

Weather Conditions

Environmental factors influencing agricultural productivity.

Biotic resistance

Resistance to diseases and pests affecting crops.

Abiotic resistance

Resistance to environmental stresses like drought.

Change in maturity duration

Shorter crop duration allows multiple harvests yearly.

Wider adaptability

Varieties that thrive in diverse climatic conditions.

Desirable agronomic characteristics

Traits like tallness for fodder, dwarfness for cereals.

Macronutrients

Essential nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium.

Micronutrients

Trace nutrients: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper.

Nutrient deficiency effects

Affects growth, reproduction, and disease susceptibility.

Composting

Decomposition of organic waste into nutrient-rich compost.

Vermi-composting

Using earthworms to enhance compost decomposition.

Green manure

Plants grown and ploughed into soil for nutrients.

Soil enrichment

Adding nutrients to improve soil fertility and structure.

Water holding capacity

Ability of soil to retain moisture for plants.

Drainage improvement

Organic matter in clayey soils prevents water logging.

Fertilizers

Commercially produced nutrients for enhancing plant growth.

Nutrient supply from fertilizers

Mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for crops.

Vegetative growth

Development of leaves, branches, and flowers in plants.

Excess fertilizer risks

Can lead to water pollution and soil fertility loss.

Application precautions

Careful timing and dosing for effective fertilizer use.

Biological waste recycling

Using farm waste to produce organic fertilizers.

Organic matter in manure

Improves soil structure and fertility through decomposition.

Physiological processes

Plant functions affected by nutrient availability.

Crop production stabilization

Achieved through developing adaptable crop varieties.

Fertilizers

Chemical substances to enhance soil nutrients.

Manure

Organic matter used to improve soil fertility.

Organic Farming

Farming with minimal chemical inputs.

Biofertilizers

Microorganisms used to enhance soil fertility.

Bio-pesticides

Natural agents to control pests and diseases.

Mixed Cropping

Simultaneous cultivation of multiple crops.

Inter-cropping

Alternating rows of different crops for benefits.

Crop Rotation

Sequential planting of different crops to maintain soil health.

Irrigation

Artificial application of water to crops.

Rain-fed Agriculture

Farming dependent on rainfall for water supply.

Dug Wells

Shallow wells collecting water from surface strata.

Tube Wells

Deep wells accessing water from underground layers.

Canal Systems

Extensive irrigation channels distributing water to fields.

River Lift Systems

Direct water extraction from rivers for irrigation.

Tanks

Small reservoirs for storing runoff water.

Rainwater Harvesting

Collecting and storing rainwater for agricultural use.

Watershed Management

Managing land and water resources in catchment areas.

Drought

Prolonged dry conditions affecting crop yields.

Light Soils

Soils with low water retention capacity.

Nutrient Utilization

Efficient use of soil nutrients by crops.

Pest Control

Methods to manage agricultural pests.

Soil Erosion

Removal of topsoil due to water or wind.

Check-dams

Small barriers to increase groundwater levels.

Weeds

Unwanted plants competing with crops for resources.

Pesticides

Chemicals used to control pests and weeds.

Herbicides

Pesticides specifically targeting unwanted plants.

Insecticides

Pesticides designed to eliminate insect pests.

Fungicides

Pesticides used to combat fungal infections.

Crop Rotation

Growing different crops in planned succession.

Intercropping

Planting two or more crops in proximity.

Crop Protection Measures

Strategies to safeguard crops from pests and diseases.