Water properties, macro-molecules, polymers and monomers

Science

What is the bond between the elements of water?

covalent bonding

What is the bond between water molecules?

hydrogen-bond

Density

when water freezes it forms a crystal like structure creating space between the molecules. This results in ice being less dense than liquid water.

What an example of density in the lab?

The ice floating in water

Solvency

Water is excellent at being a solvent it can dissolve many polar and ionic substances

What’s an example of solvency in the lab?

the skittles dissolving in water

Latent heat of vaporization

water turning into a gas, when the hydrogen bonds are broken.

What does Latent heat of vaporization allow us to do?

It allows us to cool down without loosing too much water by utilizing the heat from our bodies to convert water into vapor.

What’s an example of the Latent heat of vaporization lab?

The blowing on the finger

Specific heat capacity

it takes a lot of heat energy to raise the temperature of water, which is why aquatic organisms can slowly adapt to the waters temperature without experiencing extreme temperature fluctuations.

What’s an example of the specific heat capacity lab?

The paprika and the water in the beakers

Polarity

the same electrons being pulled to the center of the atom making it partially negatively charged and the other side partially positively charged.

Hydrogen bonding

A hydrogen atom bonded with another molecule

What’s an example of the polarity lab?

the spritzing water on a plant

Cohesion

the attraction between the same type of molecules, water has a very strong cohesion due to it’s polarity

What does cohesion do for water?

it gives it a high surface tension

Adhesion

the different attraction between different types of molecules, water is attracted to other charged molecules

What’s an example of adhesion in the lab?

the water going up the xylem in the carnations

Capillary action

water climbing up the thin glass tubes

What does cohesion do for a plant?

allows the water to stick to each other

What does adhesion do for a plant?

allows the water to stick to the sides

Macromolecules

a larger molecule

Examples of macromolecules

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Polymer

a string of natural or synthetic substances made of macromolecules

Monomer

the small molecule of a polymer

What is a carbohydrate made of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Examples of carbohydrates

sugars, starches, grains, pastas, breads, candy, cookies

Isomers

same number of atoms but different structure

Glucose is a..

monomer for carbs

Fructose and galactose are

another monomers

What are the polymers for carbohydrates?

polysaccarides

Lipids are ___ in water

insoluble

Where can lipids be found?

in fats, waxes, oils, hormones, steroids

Trigleceryde’s are stored for how long?

they’re stored long term

What do triglycerides do?

they’re used for insulation

What do phospholipids make up?

the cell membrane

Hydrophylic

water loving

Hydrophobic

Water hating

The fatty acids ___ water

hate

The phosphate group + glycerol ___ water

love

Cholesterol is a type of _____

steroid/lipid

Proteins are made of..

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Lipids are made of..

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What could be the other jobs of a protein?

structure, support, defense, and transport

Examples of proteins

nuts, meats, beans, and enzymes

Proteins are made from what kind of monomers?

amino acids

What are the monomers to lipids?

fatty acids

What are the polymers that make up lipids?

triglycerides and phospholipids

What elements are nucleic acids made of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

What are the monomers that make up nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What are the monomers for proteins?

amino acids

What are the polymers for nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What are the polymers for proteins?

polypeptides

What do carbohydrates do?

they’re used for fast energy

What does a protein do?

preform functions

What do nucleic acids do?

code for proteins

What are the specific functions of proteins?

transport, enzymes, contractile, defense, hormones, structural, and storage

What are lipids used for?

longer term energy

What cells have cell membranes?

all cells

What’s the purpose of the cells membrane?

to assist the cell in maintaining homeostasis

Phospholids form the..

phospholid bilayer

Proteins are used for (cell membrane)..

transport in and out of the cell

Carbohydrates are used for (cell membrane)..

cell identification

Cholesterol is used for (cell membrane)..

regulating the fluidity of the membrane

Does a channel protein use ATP?

no

Does a carrier protein use ATP?

yes

What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane?

Transport, cell adhesion (cells sticking together, cell signaling (communication), cell recognition (ID)

Diffusion and osmosis are a movement from

high to low concentration

Osmosis can transport what kind of molecules?

water molecules

Diffusion can transport

solutes

Active transport only uses

carrier proteins

Diffusion is a process that can move

gases

Active transport

requires extra energy (ATP)

Diffusion and osmosis what type of process?

passive process

Active transport

movement from low to high concentration

Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport is the movement of

molecules

Osmosis and active transport require a

semi-permeable membrane

Diffusion sometimes uses

channel proteins

What is Osmosis?

the movement of water molecules from a high concentration of water to molecules to a low area

What is diffusion?

movement of gases from high to low concentration

What is active transport?

movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration by using energy (ATP)

What is endocytosis?

cells from outside go in

What is exocytosis (HINT: think about exo-skeleton)

cells form inside go out

Hypotonic

A LOT of water goes into the cell

Hypertonic

water goes out of the cell

Isotonic

when the water and the fluids inside the cell remain the same even though they get exchanged

Water moves to a hy-

hypotonic area

What macro molecule is this?

lipid

What macro molecule is this?

protein

What macro molecule is this?

nucleic acids

What macro molecule is this

carbohydrates