Chapter 7 Textbook

disgust

Sanctity/degradation has its roots in humans' experience with pathogens and toxins where the body reacts with ______ to spoiled food.

Authoritative

______ parenting is associated with higher levels of empathy, conscience, moral development, and prosocial values among children.

George W. Bush

had the lowest rating of O among all presidents and was really conservative.

A, C

Religiosity is connected to the dispositional traits of ___ and ___.

prevention, promotion

Conservatives reflect a _____ focus approach to life and liberals reflect a ______ focus approach.

Fairness

sharing behaviour and other collaborations depend on this sense in the group.

Ronald Reagan

was liberal when he was young but then shifted towards conservatism.

Religious instruction

Reinforces a natural tendency to perceive agency nearly everywhere and to assume that what happens in the world is largely dictated by the minds of agents (human or divine)

Morality

is comprised of (intentional) agency + (suffering) patient.

Autistic

_______ individuals may be compromised in moral decisions because they do not fully get agency.

Socialization

Learning the rules and norms of the group, becoming moralized.

Cohort effects

how people raised in one generation differ from those from another generation.

Andrei Sakharov

advocated for human rights but he did not believe in God so his values were moral and political rather than religious.

Hero

When an agent is intentionally helpful.

Dwellers

Americans who look for religious fulfillment in conventional religious practice.

recent

Organized religion and complex political structures are ____ human achievements that emerged after the development of language and culture.

Mother Teresa

experienced dread and loneliness in her relationship with God but this may have solidified her identification with Jesus.

Seekers

Americans who look for religious fulfillment in spirituality.

care, group

Primates and eusocial species have basic social instincts that predispose them to express forms of ____ and consideration to other _____ members.

O

____ is positively associated with higher stages of moral reasoning, greater religious searching or quest, and liberal political attitudes.

prosocial, material

Age is positively related to ____ values and negatively related to ______ values.

Gesellschaft

More modern, impersonal arrangements of civil society reflected in modern markets, urban settings, and complex bureaucratic states- liberal sentiment.

Loyalty betrayal

moral foundation of reacting negatively to failures in commitment, breaking promises, or undermining trust.

Political cognitions

express underlying fears, hopes, desires, and wishes regarding social life while also reflecting deep moral concerns.

Social affinity

serves as a check on aggression within the group.

Ethic of community

Evolution has shaped humans to respond with anger and moral outrage when somebody betrays the group.

inequitable

Monkeys respond negatively when resources are distributed in a grossly _____ manner.

Liberals

They are impatient with perceived inequalities and injustices and welcome change using a promotion focus.

inclusive

Religion has evolved to promote cooperation in groups, which strengthens the group's ability to compete against other groups, which indirectly promotes the ______ fitness of group members.

Jonathan Haidt

suggested that human beings have strong moral reactions to violations of care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and sanctity/degradation.

Victims

When patients are harmed by a bad agent.

Beneficiaries

When patients are helped by a good agent.

Psychopaths

________ may be compromised in moral decisions because they fail to appreciate what it means to be a moral patient.

intentionality, suffering

Agents are responsible for what they do because they have ________ and patients have rights that should be maintained because they are capable of ______.

Fairness/cheating

moral foundation of reacting negatively to inequity or breaches in fairness.

Authority/subversion

moral foundation of reacting negatively to disrespect of legitimate authority and efforts to subvert the established order.

Gemeinschaft

Traditional patterns of social relations based on shared blood, shared place, and shared beliefs- conservative sentiment.

Golden Rule

Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.

Conservatives

________ score higher on death anxiety, fear of threat/loss, need for order, and self-esteem.

Moral values

social arrangements that the person imagines to be especially good and praiseworthy.

Care/harm

moral foundation of reacting negatively to the harm of other sentient beings.

increases

The heritability of religiosity ______ with age into adulthood, as people are better able to ignore what others want them to do and follow.

Religiosity

the tendency to take on religious beliefs and practices.

Authoritative parenting

combines a loving emphasis on the value of children with the establishment of clear norms and standards.

Sanctity/degradation

moral foundation of reacting negatively (disgust) to violations of purity or sacredness.

Conservatives

They manage uncertainty and threat by justifying the system's status quo using a prevention focus.

O

Trait with direct relevance to personal values.

Andrei Sakharov

he was a Russian critic of the Soviet political system.

autonomy

Care/harm and fairness/cheating undergird a basic ethic of ______ in human groups.

cultures

Religion is pervasive across human ______.

Motivated social cognition

Human beings formulate social attitudes and values that meet underlying needs and goals

Moral motivational agenda

The values and goals people pursue to exert a transformative effect on the world

Moral conduct

No human group can function without some shared agreement called

Villain

When an agent is intentionally harmful

Sacred canopy

People that are brought together under a common sociomoral barrier through religion

Conservatives

See positive change as restoration

Liberals

See positive change as reform

Moral judgment

involves assigning characters to the roles of hero, villain, beneficiary, and victim

agents, patients

Some characters are high on intentionality and experience making them either ____ or ______ (ex: adults)

agents

Some characters are high on agency and low on experience making them _____ (ex: God, Google)

patients

Some characters are low on agency and high on experience making them _____ (ex: children)

leave, death

Coyotes that are rejected from play sessions are much more likely to ____ the pack than those that are included and it doubles their risk of ____

agent, external

When an inanimate object moves and the force is imagined inside the object it is seen as an active ____ but when the force is imagined outside the object it is due to God or an _____ agent whose intention is to make the object move

culture

Most Christian American teenagers ascribe to a watered-down generic brand of religious beliefs reflecting common themes in American _____ more generally

community, certainty

The heritability of religion is connected to the heritability of personality characteristics that specify concerns for ______ integration and existential _____

A, antisocial

High school sophomores who profess strong religious values tend to show larger increases in ___ and decreases in _____ traits over the next 3 years

increase

When people begin to lose faith in the government, people ____ their adherence to religion and vice-versa

dangerous

Conservatives see the world as a more _____ place

threats, mortality

People become more conservative when they are faced with serious ____ or when they are reminded of their own ____

Conservatives

_____ imagine government as a strict father who provides rules in order to protect his children (citizens)

Liberals

_____ imagine government as a nurturant caregiver like a mother who provides her children with the nourishment they need in order to grow

Conservatives

______ focus more on the moral foundations of loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and sanctity/degradation

Liberals

_____ focus more on the moral foundations of care/harm and fairness/cheating

heritable

Religiosity is at least moderately ______

match

MZ twins often ______ on their opinions regarding social/political issues more than DZ twins

conservatives

Inhibited and fearful preschool children have a tendency to become ______

liberals

Restless preschool children have a tendency to become _______

O

___ is positively associated with higher stages of moral reasoning, greater religious searching or quest, and liberal political attitudes

away, new

People high in O tend to move _____ from religious traditions they grew up with and to sample ______ faiths and alternative religious perspectives

spirituality

High O is associated with involvement in ______ and “New Age” expressions of religious experience

stable

Political orientation tends to remain pretty _____ after young adulthood

decline

Religious values ______ from adolescence through late midlife but rebound as people move into their retirement years

eusocial

Without morality, we cannot be a _____ species

violated

Those who betray others in friendships or love are viewed to have _____ a moral principle

sacredness

A shared sense of _____ may bind group members together under a moral banner, solidifying loyalty to the group and respect for authority

judgment

The 1st step in becoming a moral agent is to make an explicit moral _______

inspiration, anger, happiness, sadness

When we hear stories of heroism we feel _____, stories of villains we feel _____/disgust, stories of beneficiaries we feel ____/relief, stories of patients we feel sympathy/_____

understand

You cannot be an agent until you really ______ what an agent is

community

The prime function of religion is to build a _______

control, regulation

Religion can promote self-___ and _____

community

The development of religious beliefs depends on the kinds of religious ______ to which the person belongs

moral

Religion and politics both spring from ______ considerations regarding how people should live together in groups

hydraulic

The relation between religion and politics is ____; as one begins to ebb the other flows

war

People become more conservative during times of