Health and social care unit 1

Growth

An increase in some part of an individuals life that can be measured in many ways.

Development

The complex changes in growth including a change in skills abilities and disabilities.

What are the 4 principles of growth?

1.Growth rate are not constant.

2.Diffrent body parts grow at diffrent time.

3.Growth rates vary between children

4.Boys grow faster than girls as they tend to grow taller than women

What does PIES stand for?

Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, Social

What does life stages stand for?

Particular phases that a person goes through.

What does milestones mean?

Milestones are expectations every person is expected to carry out during their lifetime.

e.g Tie shoe laces,walk,speak

What is meant by gross motor skills?

Using larger muscles less precise movements u such as the arm or leg

Example walking ,running

What is meant by fine motor skills?

It requires more precise movements by using smaller muscles, such as the hands.

Example turning a page in a book or a kid wringling their toes in sand

Describe ealry childhood age and what the gross motor skills are

3} Have enough strength to push pedals on a tricycle and draw letters by holding a pencil.

4}Most are able to kick and throw a ball

5}Most can hop on one foot.

6}Most are able to ride a bicycle.

8}Good strength and good coordination to play Most games

What are the fine motor skills for ealry childhood?

3}Should be able to control movement enough to copy letters by using a pencil or build a tower of cubes.

5}Dress themselves attempt to button up or pull a zip,tie shoelaces.

8}Good control of small muscles and are able to draw more detailed pics

What is the average age for puberty in women?

8-13

What happens during puberty in women?

Due to oestrogen and progestogen being higher it results in:

●Breast growth

●vjj

●Facial hair

●Pubic hair growth

What age is the puberty of men start?

9 - 14

What happens during men's growth? What hormone causes theese changes?

●Deeper voice

●Private area growth

●Pubic hair

●facial hair

●Growth spurt

What is a primary charaastic?

The inborn sexual charastics which are undeveloped

What is secondary charastic?

The charastics that emerge during the pubescent stage and causes development.

What are all the life stages?

Infancy}0-2

Early childhood}3-8

Adolescents}9-18

Ealry adulthood}19-45

Middle adulthood}46-65

Later adulthood}65+

What are the 3 devlopment stages of how children goes through the stages thinking?

Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development

Cogntitve meaning how people think

3 stages include

• Logical thinking

• egocentric

• concrete

Whats abstract logical thinking?

Refers to the ability to grasp and to be able think logically with complex ideas WITHOUT PHYSCIALLY HAVING SOMTHING IN FRONT OF THEM TO HELP

What's egocentric thinking?

When a child has the inability/lack of understanding other perspectives and having a self centred perspective

Whats concrete logical thinking? physcial point of veiw

Bring able to solve and understand problems from a physical point of vie, It involves reasoning based on what is physically present, measurable, or directly experienced.

What is the four stages of cognitve devlelopment ? WHO MADE IT?

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

   • Infants learn through senses and movement.

   • They develop object permanence (understanding that objects exist even when not seen).

2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

   • Children begin symbolic thinking (e.g., using words and images).

   • Thinking is egocentric (they struggle to see things from others’ perspectives).

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

   • Children develop logical thinking about concrete situations.

   • They understand conservation (e.g., the amount of liquid remains the same even if poured into a different-shaped container).

4. Formal Operational Stage (12+ years)

   • Adolescents develop abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning.

   • They can think about complex problems and future possibilities.

What is the sensorimotor stage?

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years old) Infants are able to learn about their enviroment using their senses and develop early schemas by using their senses to physically explore the world.

What's the pre operational stage?

2-7Children are able to understand symbols and meaning within words but still seem egocentric

What's the concrete operations stage?

7-11Children's reasoning becomes logical and are able to provide reason and are able to visually answer questions with more ease

what's the formal operations stage?

11-18This is when adolencests to reason through symbols that do not refer to the real world as such in maths and young people are also able to think abstract enough of possible outcomes of a scientific problem

what are some critisims of Jean piagets theroy of cognitive devlopment?

It has been noted that Piaget’s research was focused on only a few children.

Bruner did not agree with Piaget’s fixed stages and ‘readiness’ to learn.

Bruner believed that with adult support children are able to achieve and process higher level thinking skills are devleoped with further support than others

Believing that the level of encouragement would have an impact on the individuals thought to think logical

Additional research suggests children take longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract logical thinking.

Cognitive development might not be part of a maturation process it is dependent on environment and the quality of their formal and education

What is the Strange Situation Classification (SSC)? What are the the 3 main attachments

A method to observe how babies react to being left alone, with a stranger, and reunited with their mother. It shows their type of attachment.

S-I-I:

• Secure attachment

• Insecure-avoidant attachment

• Insecure Resistant

What are the signs of secure attachment?

Baby explores with mum there, gets upset when she leaves, is happy when she returns.
Shows trust and feels safe.

What are the signs of insecure-avoidant attachment?

Baby doesn’t care much when mum leaves or comes back, avoids contact.
➡ Doesn’t rely on caregiver.

What are the signs of insecure-resistant attachment?

Baby is clingy, very upset when mum leaves, angry or hard to comfort when she returns.
➡ Can’t trust if caregiver will meet needs.

what was Jhon Bowdly's theory?

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory states that early caregiver bonds shape emotional and social development. Secure attachment supports healthy relationships, while deprivation can cause issues. It’s crucial in childcare, education, and social work.Attachment is also a biological process.

What did Rutter disagree with bowdlys theory?

Rutter disagreed with Bowlby’s theory of monotropy, which suggests that a child needs a single primary attachment (usually the mother) for healthy development. Rutter argued that children can form multiple attachments and that these varied relationships also contribute positively to their emotional and social development.

What were some charastics of emotional disturbed children?

●Unsual rage or anger

●Anti social

●Unhappy,depressed

What is chomsky theorys?

His theory suggets that infants are born with a LAD which sorts diffrent words into catergories like nouns which allow the child to make senetances form using diffrent words

All children,regardless of thier intellectual abilty became fluent in thier native langauge within five or six years.

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT CHOMKSY THEORYS

-Children learning to speak never make grammatical mistakes when speaking such as getting thier subjects,verbs and objects in the wrong order.

-If an adult said a delibretly said a grammatically incorrect senatnce,the child would notice.

what were the crisctisms of the chomksys theory?

• Lack of scienfic understanding regarding a inate stuructre of understanding structure of language. No proof of a ‘device’.

• The rate of langauge devlopment is affected by the degree of interactions with others.

• Doesnt take into account the level of education needed to learn a language

Whats a schema?

A schema is a mental framework/script or concept that helps organize and interpret information For example, a child might have a schema for “dog” that includes characteristics like four legs and barking, which they use to identify and understand dogs they encounter

Theory of cognitve devlopment also includes how children undestand infomation and how they make infomation fit their understanding of the concept describe what the 4 are

• Assimilation

• Equlilbrium

• Disequililbruim

• Accomodation

What is assimilation?

Assimilation is the process of integrating new information into existing schemas without changing them. When a child encounters new experiences that align with their current understanding, they assimilate this information to maintain equilibrium.

What is Equilibruim?

Equilibrium is a state of cognitive balance where existing schemas can effectively handle new information. It represents stability in understanding and learning.

What is Disequilibruim?

This is when new infomation distrubs a childs original schema casuing imbalance and confusion

What is accomodation?

Accommodation is a cognitive process in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where individuals modify their existing schemas or create new ones in response to new information that cannot be easily assimilated.

What is the idea of conservation?

The idea that somethings appearance may change but that its quanity will stay the same

How can diffrent cultural considerations impact development?

• Race and social diffrences

• Parenting styles

• Ways of living

What can do pollution do to humans what types of pollution?

● Air pollution can cause or exacerbate respiratory

disorders.

● Stress from respiratory disorders can impact

cardiovascular system.

● Can cause problems with allergies.

● Living in an area of low pollution means the affect is

much less but if someone has existing medical

problems, the level of pollution can have more of an

affect.

● Noise pollution can impact sleep and mental health.

Why is it good for children to go to play skl? What stage of development do they improve quickly

Children learn social skills through play and can learn how to role play and they can also improve their sensormotar stage quickly.

What are the 3 types of ways that children can play?

• Solo (soiltary) play 12-18 months

• Parrellel play 2-3

• coperative play 3-8

What is soiltary play? Happens around 12-18 months

When children play by themselves and dont interact with anyone and this allows them to explore their envirment at their own pace and allows them to learn their mistakes

Happens around 12-18 months

What is parrellel play? HAPPENS AROUND 2-3

Children play next to each other but do not interact. They may use similar toys or copy each other’s actions, but don’t share or communicate much.

HAPPENS AROUND 2-3

What is coperative play? HAPPENS AROUND 3-8

Children begin to play together, share toys, and follow rules. They may engage in role play and develop friendships through teamwork.

HAPPENS AROUND 3-8

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Caused by the mother drinking too much alcohol during

pregnancy (1)

Leads to learning difficulties/ADHD/low birth weight/poor co-ordination (1)

Maternal infection, what is it at what are 2 infections which can occur and what do they cause?

Maternal infection

Caused by infection such as Rubella/Chicken

pox/CMV/Strep/Syphilis (1)

Rubella can cause hearing loss/communication difficulties (1)

Syphilis can cause nerve damage/eyesight problems (1)

What are some social benefits of friendships?

• Emotional support

• Sense of belonging

• Increased self confidence

• social skills devleopment

• Stress reilef and imporved mental health

• Encouragement of posititve behaviors

Explain why older people tend to focus less on forming friendships and have a small group?

• Shift in Priorities

• Selective Social Circles

• Life Stage Changes

• Time Constraints and Health

• Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

• Long-Standing Bonds

• Reduced Social Pressures

Define the term nurture

Nurture involves the environmental and social factors that impact a person's development after birth

Define Nature

Nature refers to the genetic or hereditary influences on development. It encompasses all the traits, abilities, and characteristics passed down through DNA from parents to children.

Give examples of nurture inflences

• Education

• Parenting advice

• social class

• diet/working out

• religion

• envirment

Give me nature influences

• Eye /hair colour

• Type of hair

• height

• life expectance

• skin pigment

What is Bundras theory of social learning about?

Explains that people learn through imitating, observing and modelling the actions of others.

FOUR MAIN PRINCIPLES

Attention - Child focuses on the model

Retention - When the child has observed something and have retained it in their memory to be used when the opportunity arises.

Reproduction - What has been observed has been imitated

Motivation - The behaviour will either be repeated or stopped depending on the reinforcement.

What is Gesslls maturation theory about?

This is about how Gessil thinks that development is primarily driven by biological maturation (nature) rather than environmental influence (nurture).For example a child will learn to walk when their body is biologically ready,regardless of external encoruagement but a child with a gentic disorder affecting how they will learn how to walk will have a more difficult time.

Criticism – Ignores Environment, ignores how the environment, learning, and experiences can affect development, t only focuses on biological development, not emotions, culture, or social factors.

Gessil also devleoped the normative approach describe what that is

The normative approach is about studying large groups to find out what is "normal" development at each age.

• Developmental Milestones: Researchers find typical ages when kids do things like walking or talking.

• Comparison: Health and social care workers use these "norms" to check if a child is developing as expected.

What are the 3 types of reinforcement and describe them?

• Postive reinforcement is when behavior is repeated because of personal satisfaction intrinsic or rewards extrensic.

• Negative reinforcement is when behavior is not repeated to avoid a negative exprieince such as lack of praise.

• Vicarious reinforcement is when children may feel motivated to imitate an action because they see a person is getting postive feedback in the form of a reward. Children can also resist imitating the action if the model receives negative feedback from their action.

What does the stress diathesis model show?

Explains how a persons genetic vulnerability can interact with life stressors to trigger mental health conditions

What does the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale show?

The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale is a list of life events given scores to show how stressful they are. The higher your total score, the more likely you are to become unwell. It links to the Diathesis-Stress Model by showing how stress can trigger illness in people who are already vulnerable.

What are some physical changes individuals who are in later adulthood may face? DO NOT MENTION WRINKLES, LOSS OF MOBILITY OR BIRTTLE BONES.

• The degeneration of the nervous tissue.

• Reduction of muscle mass

• Degeneration of the sense organs

Reduced immune response

• Decreased hormonal levels

• Slower metabolism

What are the 3 main genetic factors which can affect development?

• Predisposition

• Susceptible diseases

• Biological factors

Define predisposition diseases

A predisposition to disease means a person has a higher chance of developing a particular illness due to their genes, lifestyle, or environmental factors—but it doesn't mean they will definitely get the disease.

Define susceptible diseases

Being susceptible to a disease means you are more likely to catch or develop a disease compared to others.

It doesn’t mean you definitely will get it—it just means your body is more vulnerable to it. For example older people are more likley to get the flu since their immune system is weakened.

Define biological factors

The enviroment inside a mothers womb can have a dramatic infulence on a childs development,it can affect a childs long term development including their attention span and learning abilties.

What sort of things affect affect to H AND S services?

• Homelessness

• Distance

• Public transport times

• Parking

• Language barriers kinda

• Not registering for NHS

What is premature death?

Dying before the average life expectancy (e.g., before age 75 in the UK).

Describe what a dysfuncational family is

A dysfunctional family is a family where there are ongoing problems like conflict, lack of support, poor communication, or unhealthy behaviors. This can make family members feel stressed, unhappy, or unsafe.

What are the 4 types of parenting styles?

• Authoritive

• Permissive

• Authortian

• Neglected

How does authoritive parenting style work?

Parents are not overly strict children borught up to respect authorties and are able to devleop opposite vaules and boundries

How does Permissive parenting style work?

Parents are reluctant to implement rules

How does authortian parenting style work?

Parents are very strict and have high expectations with lack of feedback and many responsibilties

How does neglected parenting style works?

Lack of support and social attention

What are the effects of culture religion beliefs on Medical interventions?

Jehovas witness cant take blood transfusions because they beieleve only god can save life and Mulsims cannot consume pork so injections and stuff like that is not allowed

What is it meant by abuslote poverty

Those who cannot afford the basic needs of life

What is it meant realtive poverty?

Thoose who can afford the basics but not much more

What is cardiovascular dissease?

Dissease of the ehart and this comes with issues in pumping blood around the body effectivley

What is atheroscleosis?What could happen to people with this?

This is when the arteries are clogged up and this increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes due to the buildup of fatty deposits and this can cause people to be breathlesness and chest pains

What are the physical changes that can happen to the nervous tissue as people get older?

As people age, nervous tissue may undergo several changes, including a decrease in the number of neurons, and this can cause a bif impact on the bodys cogntive system.

This can cause short term memory and cause reaction times to be slower declines in the way people talk and understand infomation

What are some eye disseases?

CATARCTS = Hardening and clouding of the lens leading to a decrease in vision and catarracts devlop slowly with age.

Glaucoma=An increase of the fluid pressure within the eye and the sympotms are hazy and blury vsion and eye pain.

What are the effects of ageing?

• Impaired vision

• Hearing loss

• Social exclusion

• Loss of bladder control

Define Oestearthritis also describe the 2?

• Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of the joints as people age, leading to joint pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving.

• Rheumatoid arthritis is when the immune system attacks the joints, causing swelling, pain, tiredness, and long-term joint damage.

If the body has a lack of vitamin D how does the body be affected by this?

Weaken bones and muscle weakness

If the body has a lack of vitamin C how does the body be affected by this?

• Fatigue

• Easy bruising

• Gum problems

If the body has a lack of vitamin A how does the body be affected by this?

• Night blindness

• Dry skin

• Weakned immune system

If the body has a lack of vitamin E how does the body be affected by this?

• Muscle weakness

• Vison prrombelems

• Nerve damage

Define Dementia

Dementia was an umbrela term used to describe a range of conditions which causes change and damage to the brain.

A person with dementia is likely to expreince difficulty making decsions,remembering things,speaking ussally

Alzheimers is the most commmon form of Dementia

What happens to a peroson with Alzheimers\?

• Memory loss , personallity changes ,disorentation

• Short tasks may take longer then normal they also may not recognise people and forget their names.

What are the type of things which may expreince the likley hood of somone getting Alheziemrs?

Genes which run in the family

Brain damage

What is the current treatment for Alzheimer?

There is no treatment to stop it from happening but there is treatment to delay the proccess

What are some of the physical changes someone with Alzheimers may experience?

• Difficulty falling or staying asleep

• Daytime sleepniess

• Increased use of drinking or drugs

• Fatigue

• Giving up in hobbies

What are some of the mental changes someone may expreince when they are old?

• Fixation on death

• Suicidal thoughts

• Depresson

• Loss of self worth

• Feeling guilty of being a burden

Define oestoporisis

Bones break easir

What can improve the social life of somone who is older?

• More time

• Joining clubs

• Less commitment to work

• Uptake in new hobbies

What are some social events more older people may have?

• Berevment

• Turning to relgion

• Safety and security

• Retirement

What is the theory of Social disenagement theory about?

When older people naturally withdraw from social involvement and become very Individual and less concerned abut peoples expectations.