TCU- Nutrition exam 3 (Davis)

1 pound of fat= _____ calories

3500

what happens to fat cells once you reach maximum size

number of fat cells increases

in weight loss how does fat cells change

same number but the cells decrease in size

components of metabolism of fat cells

lipoprotein lipase, dietary fat oxidation, set point theory

What is a lipoprotein lipase

an enzyme that promotes fat storage

where are high levels of lipoprotein in men

stomach cells

where are high levels of lipoprotein in women

breasts and thigh cells

what is the correlation between body fat and dietary fat oxidation

high body fat= low oxidation

negative correlation

what is set point theory

metabolism goes back to original weight after weight gain or loss

homeostasis/balance

hormones that cause genetic obesity

leptin and ghrelin

what is leptin

hormone in hypothalamus that surpasses appetite and increases energy expenditure

what does leptin promote

weight loss

what correlation does body fat and leptin have

positive correlation

body fat increases= leptin increases

what is ghrelin

a hormone that increases appetite and decreases energy expenditure

how does lack of sleep effect ghrelin and leptin

increases ghreling and decreases leptin

how does gastric bypass work

added tube that connects to jejunum and makes food bypass main part of SI

benefits of a gastric bypass

can be reversed and does not involve any foreign objects to be placed in body

how does gastric banding work

creates a pouch and put a top of stomach, band is placed to tighten or loosen and add or remove fluid

benefits of gastric banding

temporary and less invasive

how does sleeve gastrectomy work

removed 70-80% of stomach and rest is stapled back together

energy balance is

energy in=energy out

what part of brain controls food intake

hypothalamus

what is satiation

signal to stop eating

what is satiety

feeling of fullness

can be override by stress

what triggers desire to eat

endorphins

what is postingestive influences

happens after food enters GI tract, and that food triggers stretch receptors and then the nutrients in SI elect hormones

what is post absorptive influences

happens after nutrients enter blood and signal brain about availability, use and storage

what happens when nutrients dwindle in body

satiety stops and hunger starts again

how do you stay in satiety

eat protein rich foods

eat low energy dense foods

eat high fiber foods

influences on how many calories you burn

frequency, intensity and duration of workout

what is the correlation between body surface area and calories burned

positive correlation

increased body surface area= increased calories burned

what factors decrease BMR

starvation

drugs

stress

aging

what factors increase BMR

fever

extreme temps

thyroxine

smoking

exercise

caffeine

How do you calculate BMI

weight in pound/ height in inches / height again * 703

bmi for underweight

less than 18.5

bmi for healthy weight

18.5-24.9

bmi for overweight

25-29

bmi for obese

over 30

how is body fat distributed in men

apple shape

high risk for disease

how is body fat distributed in women

pear shape

low risk for disease

anorexia nervosa

patients who have major body dysmorphia ad have fear of gaining weight

consequences of anorexia

malnutrition, anemia, fertility problems

bulimia nervosa

patients who have normal weight because they binge eat and then throw it up

consequences of bulimia

UTIs, electrolyte imbalance, irritated GI tract

cycle of female athlete triad

eating disorder leads to amenorrhea that leads to osteoporosis

what is amenorrhea

when someone looses their period

what are pyruvate 3 location options

convert back to glucose

go to acetyl CoA

for lactase

what are amino acids that convert to pyruvate

glucogenic

what are amino acids that convert to acetyl CoA

ketogenic

are all carbs, lipids and proteins energy yielding

yes

which nutrient does not produce glucose

fatty acid lipids

which nutrient does not produce amino acids and body proteins

fatty acid lipids

can all nutrients store fat

yes

what is anabolism

building up

requires energy

ex: amino acids to protein

what is catabolism

breaking down

releases energy

ex: glycogen to glucose

what is ATP

quick energy molecule that generates heat

why can glycerol and glycogenic amino acids go into pyruvate

because they both have 3 carbons each

why can ketogenic amino acids and fatty acids go into acetyl CoA

because fatty acids have 2 carbons and ketogenic AA have 6 carbons

where does acetyl CoA go

joins the TCA/citric acid cycle

what happens in the TCA/citric acid cycle

carbon dioxide is released

what happens when you have too much carbs, protein or fat

it is broken down to pyruvate then turned to glycerol and stored in stomach, hips, etc.

What is anaerobic

quick energy needs that does not require oxygen

ex: sprinting

what is aerobic

slow energy needs that does require oxygen

example of anaerobic process

pyruvate turning into lactate

what does aerobic process activate

pyruvate to become acetyl CoA

what happens to metabolism when you take in too much protein

it builds fat instead of muscle and will not enter energy pathway

what must happen before amino acids can enter pathway

denaturation

what is deamination

removal of an amino group from AA when there is an excess of nitrogen

what is ketosis

when you body doesn't have enough carbs to burn energy

what is a result of ketosis

body burns fat and makes a type of acid called ketones

what is alcohol dehydrogenase

enzyme that breaks down alcohol

why is protein different from other nutrients

includes nitrogen

what is the chemical structure of amino acids

amino group (with N2), acid group, hydrogen and side group that varies

What are 9 essential amino acids

AA that cannot be made by body

what are limiting amino acids

do not provide full amounts of the 9 essential AA and limit the amount of protein that can be synthesized

AA sequences

connected by peptide bonds

what is a dipeptide

2 amino acids joined in condensation reaction

what does hemoglobin consist of

4 polypeptide chains

why is protein synthesis different in each person

depends on each persons genes/DNA

what is a sickle cell

sequencing error in hemoglobin

what enzyme is involved in protein digestion

pepsin (inactive pepsinogen and active pepsin)

how are AA broken down in SI

go from polypeptides to tri and di peptides because of protease

what is denaturation

unfolding of proteins that makes it unstable

example of denaturation of protein

cooking an egg

when does positive nitrogen balance occur

growth and pregnancy

what is negative nitrogen balance

getting rid of more than you are taking in

When does negative nitrogen balance occur

sickness, bedridden, starvation

what happens to unused AA/N2

released into blood, goes to liver and makes ammonia

what happens when you eat more proteins

you pee more

what is urea synthesis

2 ammonia + carbon dioxide

what foods are high quality proteins

animal protein and eggs

what foods are poor quality proteins

plants, beans, corn, etc

what can help facilitate use of proteins

vitamins and minerals

what is components of kwashiorkor

inadequate protein with adequate food energy

how does kwashiorkor look on child

bulging belly

what are the effects of kwashiorkor

loss of appetite, brittle hair that loses color

what is components of maramus

inadequate protein and food energy

how does maramus look on child

very thin, almost elderly looking

effects of maramus

weakened muscles, impaired brain development, decreased body temp

how to calculate recommended protein intake

weight in pounds/2.2= kg

0.8*kg= protein per day