Biomed 1.1.4-1.16

What's the function of plasma?

The liquid part of the blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products

What's the function of Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and brings back carbon dioxide back to the lungs

What's the function of Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Helps fight infections and protect the body from germs

What's the function of Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Helps blood clots and stop bleeding when you get a cut

leucocrystal violet (LCV) test

LCV reacts with hemoglobin and turns a violet color. Usually used on porous surfaces, such as a large stain on a carpet, LCV is not the best test to use in the lab.

What's Luminol test

You may have seen luminol used in a crime show. Luminol glows bright blue in the dark when it comes in contact with blood. However, many other substances will cause it to react, so it is not the best test to use in the laboratory.

Kastle-Meyer Test

The most common presumptive blood test. This test uses a compound known as phenolphthalein, which reacts with the iron carried by hemoglobin (Figure 3). This is the test you will use in the lab.

What is an antigen?

anything that stimulates an immune response

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Negatively charged molecule found in cells of all living things.

Protein

A three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein's form and functions are determined by a cell's nucleic acid sequence.

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA that consist of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Helix

Three-dimensional spiral

Nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Gene

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype

Genome

A complete set of the genes in one organism

Organelle

Tiny structures that perform a function in a cell.

Eukaryotic

Organism that has membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotic

Lacking membrane-bound organelles

Chromosome

Tiny, coiled DNA that is formed in the nuclei of cells

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro. It uses a thermocycler, primers, DMA polymerase, and nucleotides

What Three steps are included in PCR

Denaturation- Process that makes complimentary DNA strands to separate

Annealing- Primers attach on each ends of the sequence

Extension- Adds complimentary DNA bases to build new DNA strands

Restriction Enzymes

a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotides sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites.

Recognition Sites

A sequence of DNA where restriction enzyme cuts

Restriction Digestion

The process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes

sticky ends

Single stranded ends of DNA left after cutting with enzymes

Blunt Ends

Restriction fragments with no overlapping ends and that never combine with another type of DNA

Gel electrophoresis

the separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge for analytical purposes

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Variations in DNA fragment sizes produced when DNA is cut with restriction enzymes

Accuracy

How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

Precision

The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result

Antibody

A protein produced by B cells in the blood that works to impair pathogens. It is also called an immunoglobulin.

ABO System

A system of four types (A, AB, B, and O) which human blood is classified into, based on the presence or absence of certain antigens

Agglutination

the clumping of particles

Purine

An aromatic, heterocyclic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Adenine and guanine are purines.

Pyrimidine

an aromatic, heterocyclic organic compound. Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines.