DT

The industrial revolution

The industrial revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.

It improved living standards for the masses

Automation

The use of technology to ease human labor or to extend the mental or physical capabilities of humans.

Demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. Studies the growth and structure and movement of human populations

Science and technology parks

create a hotbed of local talent

Enterprise

An undertaking or business organization; industrious

Graphene

This is a single layer of graphite.

They have interlocking hexagonal rings of carbon

one atom thick

Excellent electrical conductivity

and is used in electronics and computer chips.

Crowd funding

Where a large number of individuals invest in a business or project on the internet

Government funding

the money spent each year on the art by federal state and local governments

not-for-profit organizations

organizations with charitable

finite resources

Natural resources that can be worn out (all used up) and cannot be replaced. (i.e. coal

non-finite resources

Resources in abundant supply (i.e water

apprenticeship

One bound by legal agreement to work for another for a specific amount of time in return for instruction in a trade

Internet of things

describes a system in which everyday objects are connected to the internet and in turn are able to communicate information throughout an interconnected system

Outsourced

with reference to production

Why are standardised components of a part or product outsourced?

-It can speed up manufacture

-Reduce costs

-Negate the need for maintenance

Lean manufacturing

the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production. it aims to manufacture products just before they are requires

Just in time (JIT) Production

Items are created as they are demanded

• No surplus stock of raw material

component or

finished parts are kept

Advantages of JIT production

-Can increase efficiency and reduce waste

-Enables changes to production runs to meet demand

-Stock doesn't become obsolete

damaged or deteriorated

-No warehousing costs

disadvantages of JIT production

• Any break in the supply chain holds up production

• Cost of more frequent deliveries

• Fewer bulk-buying discounts

• Reliant on a high quality supply chin

• Stock is not available immediately off the shelf for purchase

One-off production

An individual (often craft-produced) article or a prototype for larger-scale production.

Batch production

More than one unit is produced at a time in a set or a batch (E.G- Newspapers)

Mass Production

production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines

Continuous production

machines constantly make the product to meet a constant demand

Jig

A device that holds and locates a piece of work and guides the tools that operate upon it.

BPA (Bisphenol A)

plastic additive that affects the reproductive system

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

These consist of miniaturized devices typically prepared by micromachining.

Greenhouse effect

the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.

Paris Agreement

-Limit the increase in global temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels

-Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

-Give financial support for low-emission development

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

a formal evaluation of the environmental impact of a product

-Extraction

-Production

-Distribution

-Use

-End of life

Biofuels

Fuels

Biomass energy

renewable energy derived from burning organic materials such as wood and alcohol

Biodiesel

A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants

Tidal energy

Energy that comes from the movement of water driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon.

Wind energy

Energy derived from wind by means of windmills or wind turbines.

Solar energy

energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy

Hydroelectric energy

electrical energy produced by the flow of water

Nuclear energy

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Advantages of wind energy

-moderate to high net energy

-widely available

-low electricity cost

-little or no direct CO2 or air pollutant emissions

-easy to build and expand

Disadvantages of wind energy

• spoil view of landscape

• dependant on wind

• not possible to store power produced to use on calm days

• offshore wind farms require expensive transmission lines

Advantages of solar energy

renewable

Disadvantages of solar energy

inefficient

Potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

Kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

Mechanical energy

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object

How is energy stored (mechanical storage)?

-Compression

-Tension

-Motion

Chemical storage

Batteries

Disposable battery cells

usually 1.5V

Rechargeable battery cells

1.2V

National grid

A system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers

What is the unit used to measure the amount of electricity used in a home?

kilowatt hour/ kWh

What is a smart meter?

A device that gives a real-time reading of domestic energy usage.

Why do alkaline cells usually last longer that traditional lead-acid varieties?

The manganese-oxide requires less space to store the same charge

How does the National grid store surplus energy?

Thermal energy storage

Why should batteries be disposed correctly?

They contain chemicals and metals that can leach into the soil and the water table

What can modern and smart materials help to solve?

-design issues

-technical constraints

-environmental issues

teflon

The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character and is used primarily for electrical fixture and pipe sealing

Modern material

A material that has been developed for a specific application. They are often developed through the invention of a new process or the improvement of an existing one

Smart material

reacts to an external stimulus by changing its characteristics

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

Metal alloys that can remember their shape when heated

Nitinol

an alloy of nickel and titanium often used for orthodontic wires

uses of SMAs

-in braces

-surgical stents

-glasses frames

Nanomaterials

a solid whose dimensions range from 1 to 100 nm and whose properties differ from those of a bulk material with the same composition

Carbon nanotubes

Tiny

Reactive glass

Smart Material. Glass that changes colour when exposed to UV light

Photochromic particles

ultraviolet light reacts with photosensitive silver halide particles within the lenses

Piezoelectric material

A smart material which gives off small electrical charges when deformed. It increases in size when a current passes through it e.g. airbag sensors