A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.
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It improved living standards for the masses
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Automation
The use of technology to ease human labor or to extend the mental or physical capabilities of humans.
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Demographics
Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. Studies the growth and structure and movement of human populations
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Science and technology parks
create a hotbed of local talent
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Enterprise
An undertaking or business organization; industrious
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Graphene
This is a single layer of graphite.
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They have interlocking hexagonal rings of carbon
one atom thick
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Excellent electrical conductivity
and is used in electronics and computer chips.
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Crowd funding
Where a large number of individuals invest in a business or project on the internet
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Government funding
the money spent each year on the art by federal state and local governments
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not-for-profit organizations
organizations with charitable
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finite resources
Natural resources that can be worn out (all used up) and cannot be replaced. (i.e. coal
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non-finite resources
Resources in abundant supply (i.e water
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apprenticeship
One bound by legal agreement to work for another for a specific amount of time in return for instruction in a trade
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Internet of things
describes a system in which everyday objects are connected to the internet and in turn are able to communicate information throughout an interconnected system
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Outsourced
with reference to production
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Why are standardised components of a part or product outsourced?
-It can speed up manufacture
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-Reduce costs
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-Negate the need for maintenance
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Lean manufacturing
the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production. it aims to manufacture products just before they are requires
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Just in time (JIT) Production
Items are created as they are demanded
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• No surplus stock of raw material
component or
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finished parts are kept
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Advantages of JIT production
-Can increase efficiency and reduce waste
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-Enables changes to production runs to meet demand
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-Stock doesn't become obsolete
damaged or deteriorated
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-No warehousing costs
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disadvantages of JIT production
- Any break in the supply chain holds up production
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- Cost of more frequent deliveries
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- Fewer bulk-buying discounts
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- Reliant on a high quality supply chin
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- Stock is not available immediately off the shelf for purchase
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One-off production
An individual (often craft-produced) article or a prototype for larger-scale production.
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Batch production
More than one unit is produced at a time in a set or a batch (E.G- Newspapers)
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Mass Production
production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines
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Continuous production
machines constantly make the product to meet a constant demand
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Jig
A device that holds and locates a piece of work and guides the tools that operate upon it.
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BPA (Bisphenol A)
plastic additive that affects the reproductive system
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Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
These consist of miniaturized devices typically prepared by micromachining.
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Greenhouse effect
the trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.
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Paris Agreement
-Limit the increase in global temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
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-Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
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-Give financial support for low-emission development
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
a formal evaluation of the environmental impact of a product
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-Extraction
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-Production
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-Distribution
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-Use
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-End of life
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Biofuels
Fuels
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Biomass energy
renewable energy derived from burning organic materials such as wood and alcohol
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Biodiesel
A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants
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Tidal energy
Energy that comes from the movement of water driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon.
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Wind energy
Energy derived from wind by means of windmills or wind turbines.
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Solar energy
energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
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Hydroelectric energy
electrical energy produced by the flow of water
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Nuclear energy
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
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Advantages of wind energy
-moderate to high net energy
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-widely available
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-low electricity cost
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-little or no direct CO2 or air pollutant emissions
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-easy to build and expand
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Disadvantages of wind energy
- spoil view of landscape
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- dependant on wind
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- not possible to store power produced to use on calm days
stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
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Kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
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Mechanical energy
Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
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How is energy stored (mechanical storage)?
-Compression
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-Tension
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-Motion
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Chemical storage
Batteries
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Disposable battery cells
usually 1.5V
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Rechargeable battery cells
1.2V
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National grid
A system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers
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What is the unit used to measure the amount of electricity used in a home?
kilowatt hour/ kWh
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What is a smart meter?
A device that gives a real-time reading of domestic energy usage.
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Why do alkaline cells usually last longer that traditional lead-acid varieties?
The manganese-oxide requires less space to store the same charge
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How does the National grid store surplus energy?
Thermal energy storage
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Why should batteries be disposed correctly?
They contain chemicals and metals that can leach into the soil and the water table
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What can modern and smart materials help to solve?
-design issues
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-technical constraints
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-environmental issues
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teflon
The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character and is used primarily for electrical fixture and pipe sealing
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Modern material
A material that has been developed for a specific application. They are often developed through the invention of a new process or the improvement of an existing one
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Smart material
reacts to an external stimulus by changing its characteristics
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Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)
Metal alloys that can remember their shape when heated
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Nitinol
an alloy of nickel and titanium often used for orthodontic wires
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uses of SMAs
-in braces
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-surgical stents
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-glasses frames
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Nanomaterials
a solid whose dimensions range from 1 to 100 nm and whose properties differ from those of a bulk material with the same composition
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Carbon nanotubes
Tiny
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Reactive glass
Smart Material. Glass that changes colour when exposed to UV light
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Photochromic particles
ultraviolet light reacts with photosensitive silver halide particles within the lenses
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Piezoelectric material
A smart material which gives off small electrical charges when deformed. It increases in size when a current passes through it e.g. airbag sensors
Studied by 7 people
