Psychology Concepts and Studies

These flashcards cover a range of psychological concepts, theories, and significant studies relevant for exam preparation.

Localization

The concept that specific brain regions are responsible for distinct psychological functions.

Strict Localization

A theory suggesting a direct relationship exists between a specific brain region and a particular function.

Weak Localization

A theory where other brain regions can contribute or take over functions when necessary.

Distributed Functions

The idea that complex processes, like memory or emotional responses, involve the interaction of multiple brain areas.

Split Brain

A condition in which the connection between the brain's hemispheres is surgically severed, often studied to understand language and other functions.

Sperry's Study (1968)

Investigated how brain functions are divided between hemispheres in split-brain patients; concluded language is primarily localized to the left hemisphere.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change itself in response to environmental demands by making and breaking connections between neurons.

Maguire et al. (2000)

Study examining structural differences in the brains of London taxi drivers, linking hippocampus size to navigation experience.

Juggling Study (Draganski, 2004)

Investigated structural brain changes in response to a juggling routine; found gray matter increases in areas associated with coordination.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers in the brain that regulate emotions and behaviors.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that stabilizes mood and reduces depression levels.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with feelings of pleasure and the brain's reward system.

Fisher et al. (2005)

Study that investigated the neural mechanisms of romantic love, particularly focusing on dopamine activity.

Crockett (2010)

Study examining the effect of serotonin on prosocial behavior; found serotonin influences decision-making regarding harm.

Oxytocin

A hormone involved in social bonding, trust, and reproductive behaviors, often referred to as the 'love hormone'.

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

A framework for understanding cross-cultural communication and values based on dimensions like individualism vs. collectivism.

Social Identity Theory (SIT)

A theory explaining how a person’s self-concept is influenced by their group memberships; includes concepts of social categorization and comparison.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs.

Framing Effect

The influence that the way information is presented has on people's decisions.

Flashbulb Memory

A vivid, detailed memory of an emotionally significant event, often remembered with high confidence but not always accurately.

Cognitive Schema

Mental representations that organize beliefs, knowledge, and expectations, influencing memory encoding and retrieval.

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

A model that predicts behavioral intention based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

BPS Model

The Biopsychosocial model that explains health and illness as a result of the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A model that predicts health behaviors based on perceived threat and the effectiveness of the recommended behavior.

Enculturation

The process through which individuals acquire the cultural norms and values of their home culture.

Acculturation

The process of psychological and cultural change as a result of contact and interaction between cultures.

Risk Factors

Anything that increases the chances of developing a disease, such as obesity.

Protective Factors

Anything that can reduce the chances of developing a disease.

Obesity Epidemic

A public health crisis characterized by rising rates of obesity, influenced by genetic, biological, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Sedentary Lifestyle

A lifestyle characterized by little or no physical activity, contributing to obesity.

Biological Determinants of Obesity

Genetic factors, hormones, and neurological responses that influence the likelihood of obesity.