Overview of Adaptive and Innate Immune Responses

Immunodeficiency diseases

Impair adaptive immune response significantly.

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)

Genetic disorder causing lack of immune system.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Progressive failure of the immune system.

Autoimmunity

Immune response against normal body molecules.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Cytotoxic T cells attack nerve fiber myelin.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Self-reactive antibodies cause joint inflammation.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Cytotoxic T cells destroy insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.

Allergic reaction

Overreactive immune response to specific antigens.

Allergens

Molecules triggering allergic responses.

Primary immune response

Initial immune response after vaccination.

Immunological memory

Memory cells provide rapid response to reinfection.

Memory cells

Surveillance cells remaining in lymph nodes.

Macrophages

Kill foreign cells and present antigens.

Humoral immune response

Production of antibodies in blood and lymph.

Cell-mediated response

Activation of phagocytic cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Self-molecule

Molecules belonging to the host organism.

Regulatory T cells

Suppress parts of the immune system.

T cell receptors (TCRs)

Recognize antigens via antigen presentation.

B cell receptors (BCRs)

Bind to specific antigens on B cells.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) family

Proteins crucial for adaptive immune responses.

Five classes of immunoglobulins

Different types of antibodies with unique functions.

IgG

Most abundant antibody, protects against pathogens.

IgD

Present on B cell membranes, rarely secreted.

IgE

Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic responses.

IgA

Found in mucosal areas, protects against infections.

IgM

First antibody produced during an infection.

Lymphocyte activation

Recognition and activation of lymphocytes in lymph nodes.

Adaptive immunity characteristics

Specificity, diversity, memory, self-non-self recognition.

Inflammatory response

Innate immune response to injury, causing redness and heat.

Leukocytes

White blood cells providing immediate immune response.

Histamine

Increases blood flow to wound area.

Cytokines

Signaling molecules that regulate immune responses.