P1. Introduction to Biochemistry and Water

Glycolysis

Certain important reactions E.g. __________ is

found in almost all organisms.

DNA

Instructionsfor growth, reproduction and

developments for each organism is encoded in their ________

Cell

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their

environment. Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

Prokaryotes

____________ include bacteria & lack a nucleus or

membrane-bound structures called organelles

Eukaryotes

include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants,

fungi, & animals)

prokaryote

the simplest form and the first type of cells to evolve

prokaryote

are unicellular organisms that do not develop or

differentiate into multicellular forms

prokaryote

they may be adjacent to one another because they do

not separate after cell division though there is no

continuity or communication between them.

• lacks intracellular organelles

flagella and villi
cell envelope or cell wall

Prokaryote have three architectural region that includes

appendages called _____________ ,_____________ or

____________ consisting of a capsule and a cytoplasmic

region

Eukaryote cells

have a nucleus and membrane-bound

organelles

Eukaryote cells

include fungi, animal cells, plant cells as well

as some unicellular organisms

• 10 times larger than a prokaryotic cell

• can be as much as 1000 times more in volume.

animal and plant cell

2 main types of eukaryotic cells

Mitochondrion

Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae.

Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own

DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Plasma Membrane

A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing

transport and signaling systems.

Nucleus
nucleolus

___________is a double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The________ is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome.

Chloroplasts(plastids)

Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid

membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of light energy

for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed

to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell.

Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the

process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes.

Ribosomes

Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A

site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for

detoxifying chemicalsincluding drugs and pesticides.

Golgi apparatus

A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles(small membrane surrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations including secretion or membrane localization.

Lysosomes

A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and

membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell.

Vacuoles

Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage

materials in plants.

Peroxisomes or Microbodies

Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound

that can be produced during metabolism.

Cell wall

Plants have a rigid ___________in addition to their cell

membranes

Cytoplasm

enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called

cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles.

Cytoskeleton

Arrays of protein filaments in the cytosol. Gives the cell its

shape and provides basis for movement. E.g. microtubules

and microfilaments.

biomolecules

Just like cells are building blocks of tissues likewise molecules are

building blocks of cells.

10,000

Animal and plant cells contain approximately ___________ kinds of

molecules (biomolecules)

50-95%

Water constitutes ________ of cells content by weight.

C

Infinite variety of molecules contain __

CHNOPS

Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are organic (____________).

hydrocarbons

Most biomolecules considered to be derived from ____________

functional groups

The chemical properties of organic biomolecules are determined

by their_______________. Most biomolecules have more than one.

carbohydrates
amino acids and proteins
nucleotides and nucleic acid
lipids

biomolecules consists of:

Carbohydrates

• most abundant organic molecule found in nature.

• Initially synthesized in plants from a complex series of reactions involving photosynthesis.

• Basic unit is monosaccharides.

• Monosaccharides can form larger molecules e.g. glycogen, plant starch or cellulose.

starch glycogen

Functions of Carbohydrates

• Store energy in the form of ________(photosynthesis in plants) or

  __________ (in animals and humans).

carbohydrates

Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.

– Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds.

– Form structural components in cells and tissues.

– Intercellular communications

Amino acids and Proteins

• Building blocks of proteins.

• 20 commonly occurring.

• Contains amino group and carboxyl group function groups (behavioral properties)

• R Group (side chains) determines the

  chemical properties of each amino acids.

Amino acids and proteins

• Also determines how the protein folds and its biological function.

• connected by peptide bond.

• Functions as transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid

are the basic building block of

nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid

consists of a sugar molecule, (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acid

Function

• Responsible for the flow of genetic

information

Fatty acids

Are monocarboxylic acid contains even number C atoms

• Two types: saturated (C-C sb) and unsaturated (C-C db)

triacylglycerol
steroids (cholesterol, sex hormones)
fat soluble vitamins

Fatty acids are components of several lipid molecules including:

Fatty acids

Functions

– Storage of energy in the form of fat

– Membrane structures

– Insulation (thermal blanket)

– Synthesis of hormones

Metabolism

total sum of the chemical reaction

happening in a living organism (highly coordinated and

purposeful activity)

• anabolism

• catabolism

Anabolism

– energy requiring biosynthetic pathways

Catabolism

– degradation of fuel molecules and

the production of energy for cellular function

enzymes

All reactions are catalyzed by ________

metabolism

The primary functions of ___________ are:

– acquisition & utilization of energy

– Synthesis of molecules needed for cell structure and

functioning (i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, & CHO)

– Removal of waste products

Living cells

___________ are inherently unstable.

energy

This ________ captured by cells & used to maintain highly organized cellular structure

and functions

synthesis of biomolecules
transport across membranes
cell movement
waste removal

How do complex structure of cells

maintain high internal order:

Transport Across Membranes

– cell membranes

regulate the passage of ions and molecules from

one compartment to another.

Cell Movement

– organized movement; most

obvious characteristics of living cells. The intricate

and coordinated activities required to sustain life

require the movement of cell components.

Waste Removal

– animal cells convert food molecules into CO2, H2O & NH3. If these not

disposed properly can be toxic.