human health & disease: chapter 4

sleeping ___ energy; it drops your core temperature and you burn fewer calories during sleep, you wake up with more ___

• it restores you physically and mentally

• positively affects one’s ability to cope with life’s challenges

• conserves

• energy

Sleep helps maintain your ___ system

• Sleep helps reduce your risk for ___ disease

• Sleep contributes to a healthy ___ and body weight

• Short sleep increases risk of type 2 diabetes

• Sleep may be a factor in male ___ health problems

• Sleep contributes to neurological/mental functioning.

• immune

• cardiovascular

• metabolism

• reproductive

circadian rhythm is regulated by the ___ gland; releases hormone ____ which induces drowsiness

• pineal

• melatonin

non-rem sleep is ____

• your body temperature and your energy use decline;

  sensation is dulled; and your brain waves, heart rate,

  and breathing slow down while digestive processes

  speed up. Four distinct stages of NREM sleep have

  been distinguished by their brainwave patterns

• restorative

rem sleep is ___

• ____ takes place

• most muscles are paralyzed except for ___ muscles and tiny __ muscles

• energizing

• respiratory; eye

Adults who sleep 7 to 8 hours have a lower risk of mortality

than those who sleep fewer than; if you don’t get 8 hours of sleep, sleep _ is created

• 7

• debt

____ ____ is characterized by cognitive impairment,

grogginess, and a disoriented feeling

sleep inertia

to avoid sleep inertia, it’s best to nap

in the early to mid-afternoon for no longer than ___ minutes

30

___ symptoms include difficulty falling asleep,

waking up frequently during the night, difficulty returning to

sleep, waking up too early, unrefreshing sleep, daytime

sleepiness, and irritability

insomnia

about 15 percent of Americans report that they have

chronic insomnia. Insomnia is more common among

___ than ___, and its prevalence increases with age

• woman than men

caffeine promotes alertness

by blocking ___, a

neurotransmitter in your

brain

adenosine

Sleep ____ is a disorder in which breathing is briefly and

repeatedly interrupted during sleep

apnea

▪ This occurs when the brain fails to tell the

respiratory muscles to initiate breathing.

▪ Contributors include alcohol, certain illegal drugs,

and certain medications.

central sleep apnea

• This occurs when air cannot move in and out of a

person’s nose or mouth, even though the body tries

to breathe.

▪ Contributors include being overweight or obese,

among other factors.

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

The most commonly prescribed therapy for OSA is the use of a

___ ___ ___ ___ (CPAP) device, which forces

air into the nose to keep the airway open.

continuous positive airway pressure

a neurological disorder

characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs when

at rest. Treatment options include the use of medication,

decreasing tobacco and alcohol use, applying heat to the

legs, and relaxation and stretching techniques

restless leg syndrome

a neurological disorder caused by the

brain’s inability to properly regulate the sleep–wake cycle.

Persons with narcolepsy are likely to fall asleep at

inappropriate times and places. Treatment options include

medication, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle changes

narcolepsy