S1 Final

General Senses

Senses associated with touch that do not require special sensory organs.

Special Senses

Senses located in the head that collect information for processing by the brain, including vision, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and taste.

Sound Pathway

The process of sound waves traveling through the auditory canal, vibrating the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and cochlea, triggering nerve impulses to the brain.

Function of the Ear Muscles

Contract to protect against loud noises by limiting movement of the eardrum and ossicles, preventing damage to the cochlea.

Effect of Absence of Ear Muscles

Increased susceptibility to damage, unclear sounds, and lack of protection from self-generated noises.

Semicircular Canals

Structures that contain hair and liquid to detect head position and movement for maintaining balance.

Rods

Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to low levels of light, responsible for depth perception.

Cones

Photoreceptors in the retina sensitive to high levels of light, responsible for processing colors.

Process of Light Refraction

Light refracts through the cornea and lens, focusing onto the retina where rods and cones convert it to nerve impulses.

Taste Receptors

Located in the taste buds of the mouth, they detect chemicals in food and generate nerve impulses for taste processing.

Olfactory Receptors

Sensory receptors in the nasal cavity that detect odor molecules and send nerve impulses to the olfactory bulb.

Perception of Flavor

The combined processing of smell and taste by chemoreceptors to create the flavor profile of food.

High Pitched Hearing Difficulty

Indicates damage to the hair receptors in the cochlea, especially at the beginning where high-pitched sounds are detected.