History 101 Final

Factors of universalizing religions

1. appeal to diverse populations

2. adaptability

3. promotion of universal rules + principles

4. proselytizing of new believers by missionaries

5. sense of community felt by converts

6. support given to them by powerful empires

4th cent. roman emporer

Constantine

new Rome

• byzantines= rhomaioi

• new Rome = Constantinople

• Justinian, reformed laws, Hagia Sophia, plague

Gupta dynasty

• largest entity in S.A. 300-500s

• chadragupta + son expand territory

transformation of buddha

• Mahayana buddhism makes buddha + bodhisattvas gods

• Hinayana in SE Asia, except Sri Lanka

India 300-600

• no centralized empire, Guptas in north

• sanskrit cosmopolis

• flourish of Sanskrit as academic language

Indian migration north to south

• mixing of northern settlers with southern population “shared indic culture”

• competition between syncretism with Buddhism and brahmanism

Indic culture

forming “Indian” identity, eventually covers 1 million sq miles, spread universalizing religions

China 220

• fall of Han, leads to disunity + surge of new Influences (Silk Road)

• 300 year civil war → 6 dynasty period

• northern Wei dynasty founder → tuba (barbarian) 386 CE

Buddhism in china

• spread In 3rd and 4th century

• clergy class, translation texts important

• 400 Ce: 1700 monasteries + 80,000 monks and nuns

• provided legitimacy to northern states under northern Wei

Teotihuacan (300 CE)

• city state, largest center before Aztecs 1500 years later

• resources allowed for high agricultural productivity

• expanded control through warfare, demanding tribute, city’s political influence limited

Bantus (300 CE)

• Bantu language eventually common language in Africa (now 400 langs.)

• modern Nigeria, shift from hunting, gathering, to settled agriculture 3000-2500 BCE,

• 2 migration waves: Congo forest + costal, banana plant

More about Africa (300 BE)

• different ecological zones, centralization difficult

• West bantu regions → small scale societies, family + clan

• east → kings

• religious belief in spirits, oral traditions, diviners, charmers

600-1000 afroeurasian powers

islam and china

Islam

• Began around 7th century

• arabic was exposed to long distance trade, religious debate, imperial politics

• empire followed faith with islam

5 islamic pillars

1. monotheism

2. pray to mecca

3. ramadan

4. pilgrimage

5. help the poor

Muhammad

born in Mecca (570 CE), was a merchant until vision in 610, gathered a community based on acting righteously, setting aside false deities, submitting to one god. Dies in 632, early leaders kept faith going, within 15 years military conquests in Egypt, Iraq, syria

Quran

• written after muhammands death (prophet)

• move to Medina (hijira), (Umma) constitution of Medina

Ali

last of rightly guided caliphs killed in 661, most sources at this time not islam

Caliphate

islamic state headed by a caliph elected (Sunni) or prophet's lineage (Shiite) with political authority of Umma

Umayyads

a Mecca clan, moved to Damascus, introduced hereditary monarchy to resolve leadership disputes

end up moving to Spain and North Africa

Abbasid family

from east formed coalition + overthrew Umayyads in 750, capital shifted back to Baghdad

Preislamic gender roles

• women held jobs, men moved to them, if women were wealthy, could have more than one husband

• eventually roles got strict, men could divorce, women couldn’t, men could be polygamists, elite women were veiled and secluded

Islam split

909 CE, Shiite leader Abu Abdallah overthrew sunni leader in North Africa, beginning Fatimid regime

Early Japan

war like groups from Korea imposed military and social power on southern Japan, laying groundwork for yamats state + Korean migrants

Archipelago

island chain, allowed autonomy from tang state china

Tang state China (618-908 CE) foundation

• change in course of yellow river

• strong central gov/military

• height of empire tang controlled 4 million sq miles + 80 million people

• 9th century buddhism was persecuted in tang

eunuchs

Castrated tang people

Tang economic revolution

• egalitarian land allotment system, handicrafts industry, diverse commodity market

• canals in yang river, wet river cultivation (hydraulics) river terracing, luxury trade

emergence of christendom 600- 1000

• “ the dark ages”

• christianity unified instead of empire- crusades

• many politics and cultures claiming to continue after Rome, warrior class on top.

Charlemagne “Charles the great”

king of franks 768- 812, frank empire financed by sale of POW’s (slavs")

Christianity in Northern Europe

• cultural revolution, latin became a sacred language, books written

• by 1,000, 2 Christianities exist (catholic + orthodox)

• clergy Status based on difference from other elites, emergence of pope in 9th century

Abbasid revolution

• although Umayyads free from slavery from anyone who converts to islam, local pop. still unhappy

• family overthrew Umayyads in 750, mixed Persian and byzantine tradition

• expanded empire, increased decentralization enabled regional governors + counter caliphates to take control in Spain in Egypt

Poetry of Abu nuwas

• Persian poet → 1,500 works

• studied in the Quran

• khamriyyat- themes of drinking, love, religion, satire, love poems (men + women)

Viking age

• 750-1100 CE, norse/norman/scandinavian

• polytheistic, class system

• trading, exploration, settling, raids → Lindisfarne (monastery)

Vikings + Christendom

• vikings exposed weakness of Charlemagne’s christian empire

• ships more successful than others

• plundered monastaries, colonized iceland

• “highway of slaves”

• tried to take Byzantium in 860 (failed)

1000-1300 Maritime trade

• sea based trade increased, costal cities expanded, improved nav + ship tech

• traders enjoyed protection + regulation of political authorities

• wind patterns made east Africa an endpoint

• gold and slaves were valuble

Islamic world 1000- 1300

• Islam still spreading, rulers still struggling to unite diverse muslim world

• 1300, influence spans afroeurasia (converts), baghdad surrenders to Sunni regime , political institutions begin to fragment

• sufi missionaries/ cultural blossoming,

India 1000-1300

• India became an intersection for trade, migration + culture of afroeurasia

• rise of hinduism + diversity

• before turks arrival, India splintered among rajas

• turks Brought islam + still accepting social structures

China 1000-1300

• Still a world power, wealthiest + most unified of “world spheres”

• exchanges with outsiders helped develop Han Chinese identity, print culture

• Song Chinese brought manufacturing revolution, producing good for consumption

• growth of commerce= expansion + cultural bureaucracy + tang civil service

Christian europe 1000-1300

• christianity became more of a universalizing faith, universities, parish churches + monasteries

• intense localized power, European identity becomes stronger

• crusades begin late 11th century, attacks against islam world

Mongols

• forest + steppe people, nomadic

• colorful tents, silk, traditional culture

• ghengis khan

• began expanding in 1206

Mongol military

• ghengis khan

• solidified conquests by extending kinship

• Great Wall of china conquest

• sons of ghengis khan reach Pacific Ocean + Adriatic Sea

• realm touched all cultural spheres

Mongols in abbasid baghdad

• grandson of ghengis khan, hugalu Wes ordered to take the western territories of Iran, syria, Egypt, Byzantium, armenia

• Kublai was appointed to rule over china, tibet + n. India

Sack of baghdad (1258)

within 50 years, ilkanats mongol leader converted to Islam, adopts Persian traditions

Mongols in China

• grandson: Kublaikhan seized s. china from song dynasty

• used very different methods from baghdad

Yuan dynasty (1280-1368)

• mongol established, new capital = Khan-Balik, dadu

• Chinese elites governed locally, outsiders ran central policy, failed attempt with Japan

Collapse of mongol rule

mongol advances to the west halted by monluk Egypt, sea to the east, the plague

SE Asia 1000-1300

• became a crossroads for religion and cultural influence

• Kumer empire (889- 1431) capital = Angkor cambodia

Angkor Cambodia

• Angkor wat was the largest religious complex in the world

• 200 temples, part of urban pop. center

• moat = 4 Vatican cities

• 32 years to complete, Angkor tomb= main part of city

Subsaharan africa 1300

• africa became more integrated with Eurasia by commercial migratory impulses, east Africa + swahili

• west africa mande speaking people were agents of integration

• trading network already established

• mali empire 13th cent. mande successor state to Ghana kingdom

Mansa Musa

• 1312- 1332 reign

• journey to Mecca, traveled through cairo

• really rich dude

Mali empire

• had 2 of the largest west African cities

• Jenny an ancient northern commercial entrepôt

• Timbuktu, 1100, seasonal camp for nomads, 14th cent: thriving religious, intellectual, commercial center.

Cahokia

• Mississippi culture along river flood plane

• largest city of time in now st Louis, 15,000 inhabitants

• regional commercial center

• man made mounds for religion

• city outgrew environment in 1300

• women had lots of power/property, controlled agricultural means of production

China after plague

looked at longstanding traditions to rebuild

europe + Middle East after the plague

christian conquests in the Iberian peninsula, Ottoman Empire, Italian renaissance

Ottoman Empire

turk warrior nomads transformed themselves into the rules of a highly bureaucratic, multilingual, and cultural empire. Under Osma, spectacular expansion.

Ming china 1368

• emerged after Black Death + mongols

• restoring order, mongol yuan endures chaos

• red turbans + zhu yuangzhang drove mongols out of china

• marriage + kinship helped spread power

• yongle empire built elite wall city