Day 1 Terms, Day 2 Word Association, Day 2 Terms

Human/Hominid

Bipedal, symbolic thinking, naked Ape (hairless), opposable thumbs, mammal, endothermic, pelvis unique (almost only species to have internal organs above feet).

Anatomy

The study of body structure.

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

What is evolution by natural selection?

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time.

What determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce in natural selection?

The environment.

What is passed down through heritable traits in evolution by natural selection?

The traits that help individuals survive.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration.

*water (H20) will ALWAYS go to where there is MORE solute (ex: glucose, protein)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules (STUFF) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion Examples

Nutrient Movement into Cells:

Once nutrients like glucose are in the bloodstream, they diffuse from the blood (higher concentration) into the body's cells (lower concentration).

Waste Removal from Cells:

Waste products, like carbon dioxide, move out of cells (where they are highly concentrated) and into the bloodstream to be carried away for removal.

Osmosis Examples

Water Absorption in the Small Intestine:

After digestion, the chyme in the small intestine has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than the intestinal cells. Water moves from the chyme, across the semipermeable intestinal lining, and into the cells through osmosis to help absorb nutrients.

Fluid Movement Due to Dehydration:

When you sweat, water leaves your tissues and increases the solute concentration. Water then moves by osmosis from other tissues and the blood into these dehydrated areas to help balance the osmotic gradient.

Hepatic

relating to the liver

Renal

of or relating to the kidneys

Cardiac

of or relating to the heart

Carpal

pertaining to the wrist and the bones in it.

en(ceph)

brain

Digital

related to the fingers and toes or the structures related like nerves and arteries.

Cervical

neck region

Pulmonary

relating to the lungs

Gastric

relating to the stomach

Femoral

pertaining to the thigh (femur)

Costal

pertaining to the ribs

Cholecyst

gallbladder

Biliary

system of organs/ducts producing and transporting bile through the gallbladder and bile ducts

Inguinal

groin area

Peritoneum

inside lining of the abdominal cavity that protects and holds the organs in place.

Hyperkalemia

high levels of potassium in the blood (above 0.5-5.5 mEq/L)

*potassium helps keep electrical charge to muscle and nerve cells

mEq/L

milliequivalent per liter (unit of measure for the concentration of a solution)

Hypotension

systemic abnormally low blood pressure below 90mmHg

DBP (hypotension)

Diastolic Blood Pressure; pressure between heartbeats (bottom number) below 60mmHg

MAP (hypotension)

mean arterial pressure less than 65mmHg is insufficient to oxygenate vital organs

What is coagulopathy?

A condition in which the blood's ability to clot is impaired.

What can coagulopathy lead to?

Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) or excessive clotting (thrombosis).

Creatinine Clearance

measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood. Indicates the function of the kidneys through measurement in the blood or urine.

Creatinine

A waste product that your muscles produce during normal activity. It comes from the breakdown of creatine, a substance in muscles that helps generate energy.

Tachypnea

rapid, shallow breathing; more than 24 breaths per minute

*sign of an underlying issue

Bradycardia

condition characterized by unusually slow heart rate

->under 60 BPM in adults

What is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma?

Serum Albumin

Where is Serum Albumin produced?

In the liver

What is the function of Serum Albumin in the blood?

It maintains colloidal osmotic pressure and prevents fluid leakage from the blood vessels

Colloidal osmotic pressure (associated with serum albumin)

Pressure exerted by proteins (large molecules) in blood plasma that can't easily pass through the membrane.

What is ascites?

Accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Where is the peritoneal cavity located?

Between the abdominal lining and the abdominal membrane.

Pancytopenia

Deficiency of all blood cells (3 major types)

Red blood cells (RBCs) → which carry oxygen

White blood cells (WBCs) → which fight infection

Platelets → which help blood clot

Affects of Pancytopenia

Anemia symptoms (from low RBCs): fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath

Infection risk (from low WBCs): frequent or severe infections (ex: leukemia)

Bleeding/bruising (thrombocytopenia) (from low platelets) : easy bruising, nosebleeds, gum bleeding, pinpoint red spots on the skin (petechiae)

Anuria

absence of urine production (less than 50-100mL a day)

*can be a symptom of kidney dysfunction or blockage of the urinary tract.

Hyponatremia

deficient sodium in the blood (imbalance of H20 and Na)

What is sinusitis?

Inflammation of the sinuses.

What are sinuses?

Hollow, air-filled cavities in the skull's bones, connected by passageways to the nose.

What symptoms can sinusitis lead to?

Facial pain, headache, and congested nose.

Edema

Swelling of tissue or organs caused by the accumulation of fluid in the body.

Na (blood range)

sodium around 140 mEq/L (135-145)

K (blood range)

about 5mEq/L (3.5-5.2)

Think: Na high, what's wrong with kidneys?

if high sodium, add water to dilute

if sodium low, lower drip rate

INR (coagulation)

International Normalized Ratio --> measures effectiveness of blood clotting

inverse relationship

about 1

INR low coagulation high

hemoglobin low when INR high (loosing blood)

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)

enzyme found in high levels in the liver, heart, and muscles

range: 14-20 U/L (men), 10-36 U/L (women)

(30s/40s)

U/L

units per liter

ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

facilitates the conversion of proteins into energy that liver cells use

-->vital for metabolism

10-49 (female/male) (30s/40s)

Ammonia

toxic biproduct of protein in digestion + amino acid (around 30mcg/dL)

pH

measures levels of acidity in the blood (should be 7.45)

can be 7.35-7.45

Hemoglobin

protein in RBC that contains iron and brings water from lungs to tissue

13.5-24g/dL (males)

12.1-15.1g/dL (females)

Glucose

sugar that is the body's main source of energy (70-100)

Hyper

high

Hypo

Low

Tension

blood pressure

Systolic

top number of blood pressure

Diastolic

bottom number for blood pressure

Hypertension

systolic above 140

hyperkalemia

high potassium --> cardiac risk

when number is above 5.5 or 6

Costal

ribs

What is hemorrhage?

Blood loss from damaged blood vessels.

What can hemorrhage lead to in the body?

lead to significant blood loss, which may cause shock, organ failure, or even death if not promptly addressed.

What condition can the body go into due to low blood pressure from hemorrhage?

Shock.

What happens if Hemorrhage occurs in the abdomen?

Hemorrhage can lead to edema because of diffusion --> fluid leaves the blood and gets trapped in the peritoneal cavity.

fluid in peritoneal cavity --> Ascites

What happens when there is more water in the blood than solute?

Water leaves the blood due to osmosis (goes to where there is more solute)

Tissues? hemorrhage --> edema

BP? hypotension

What happens when Creatinine Clearance goes up and Why?

Goes up b/c you are adding water to body but not passing it

When Creatinine levels goes UP, kidney function goes DOWN

Brady

slow

Tachy

fast

Pancy

across

Where should ALT/AST (associated with liver) be mostly?

In the blood

When can BP go up?

when the liver is working really hard

What organ is associated with Ammonia?

The kidneys get rid of ammonia --> liver turns int anuria --> urinated out by kidney

When does serum creatinine go up? (hint: inverse)

when creatinine clearance goes down

Prothrombintine (pTT)

tests when your blood stops flowing (coagulation levels)

(should be around 30 sec)

Why are high AST/ALT levels important and this case and what is causing them?

Poorly treated Hep C

what is conversion of 1kg to lb

1kg = 2.2lb

What is conversion of cm to inch

2.54cm = 1inch

poor oral intake

not eating alot

icteris

yellow of eyes (similar to jaundice)

What is causing the jaundice and Icteris?

high bilirubin levels in the blood

abdominal distension

visible extension abdomen --> in this case caused by ascites (fluid in peritoneal cavity)

yellow scalera

white space in eyes now yelloe

pleural diffusion/peritoneum

peritoneum --> space around abdominal

pleural --> space around lungs

cirrhosis

Chronic disease of the liver

A patient has Jaundice. What organ is this associated with?

The liver: which is failing because of the poorly treated Hep C and Alcohol intake

A patient has Jaundice. What pertinent lab would you order? And would it be high or low?

Bilirubin, it would be high.

A patient has Jaundice. What meds/treatment would you give?

Light therapy, transplant

A patient has ascites, edema, shortness of breath (SOB), hypotension, tachycardia, And gained 7kg, what organ is this associated with?

The liver

A patient has ascites, edema, shortness of breath, hypotension, tachycardia, and gained 7kg, what pertinent lab would you order? And would it be high or low?

Albumin, and it would be low bc if suspecting liver disease/nephrotic syndrome as cause of ascites/edema.

Expected result: Low in cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome.

A patient has ascites, edema, shortness of breath, hypotension, tachycardia, and gained 7kg, what meds/treatments would you give?

1. Albumin (for low BP)

give first because then through osmosis fluid would come back into the bloodstream bc albumin is a solute and would therefor raise his BP

2. Furosemide (diuretic that treats fluid retention and high BP)ex: acites -->kidneys

**it works to make you pee

given second bc if given first, he would loose more water and his bp would drop --> he would die

What is the liver's function?

1.Secretes bile

2.Synthesizes enzymes and plasma proteins(A way to evaluate the health of the liver is to determine the level of enzymes in the blood.)

3.Stores glucose in the form of glycogen

4.Detoxification and metabolize drugs and chemicals

5. Removes dead blood cells, cell debris, and bacteria from blood

6. Synthesis of clotting factors and prothrombin.