AP Euro Wars to Know (copy)

Turning points

Significant events in history that drive change in political, social, economic, or cultural structures.

State-building

The process of establishing a centralized government and institutions with authority to tax, maintain standing armies, and enforce bureaucracy.

Westphalian sovereignty

The principle that states have the authority to govern themselves without external interference, established by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Balance of power

A diplomatic situation in which alliances shift to prevent any one state from dominating Europe.

Total war

A conflict where the entire society is mobilized for war, including economy, civilians, and propaganda, famously seen in WWI and WWII.

Nationalism

A political doctrine where loyalty to one's nation or people becomes a major motivating force in wars and political movements.

Limited war (cabinet war)

A type of war during the 1600s–1700s characterized by professional armies and limited strategic objectives.

Consequences of war

The subsequent political, social, economic, and ideological impact that results from a conflict.

Settlements/treaties

Formal agreements ending conflicts, involving changes in borders, reparations, and adjustments of power.

Long-term cause

A fundamental, underlying reason that contributes to the outbreak of a conflict.

Short-term spark

An immediate event or crisis that triggers the start of a war.

Turning points in wars

Crucial events such as battles or alliances that significantly alter the direction of a conflict.

Centralization

The process through which a state consolidates authority and resources to increase its control.

Political legitimacy

The acceptance of a governing body or authority as valid and justified, which can shift over time due to wars.

Geopolitics

The study of the effects of geography on international politics and international relations.

Ideology

A set of beliefs or doctrines that guides political conduct and influences the course of wars.

Mass politics

A political system in which a large number of citizens are actively engaged in political processes, particularly national movements.

Civilian suffering

The impact of war on non-combatants, including loss of lives, displacement, and economic hardship.

Reparations

Compensation imposed upon a defeated state by victors, typically involving significant financial payments or territorial concessions.

Radicalization

The process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme political or ideological positions, often in response to conflict.