Brain lecture exam

Higher order functions, such as conscious thought, decision-making, and processing, occur in the

cerebrum

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus make up the

diencephalon

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain make up the

brainstem

The posterior part of the brain that has a major role in motor coordination is the

cerebellum

What is the brain region responsible for the auditory reflex?

midbrain

What brain region contains respiratory centers that set the pace for breathing by controlling other, inferiorly located, respiratory centers in the brainstem?

pons

What brain region has a role in consciousness?

reticular activating system (RAS)

Where are the respiratory centers that innervate muscles for breathing located?

medulla oblongata

What brain region is responsible for the visual reflex?

Midbrain

What part of the brain contains the pineal gland?

epithalamus

What lobe contains the visual cortex?

occipital

What lobe contains the auditory cortex?

temporal

What lobe contains Broca's Area?

frontal

Which of the following is the correct differentiation between the visual reflex and perception of vision?

The visual reflex occurs in the midbrain, while perception of vision occurs in the visual cortex within the occipital lobe.

What specific brain region is responsible for perception of general senses, like pain, touch, pressure, and temperature?

primary sensory cortex

The motor speech area, which is responsible for being able to speak and pronounce words correctly, is

broca’s area

What is the language area responsible for understanding language?

wernickes area

What type of neuroglial cells are part of a choroid plexus?

ependymal cells

What structure is the site for cerebrospinal fluid production?

choroid plexus

The cavity in the left hemisphere that contains cerebrospinal fluid is

a lateral ventricle

The cavity located between the brain stem and cerebellum that contains cerebrospinal fluid is

the fourth ventricle

The dorsal root ganglion contains

Sensory neuron cell bodies

The dorsal root contains

sensory axons

The dorsal gray horn contains

sensory neuron cell bodies

The ventral gray horn contains

motor neuron cell bodies

The ventral root contains

motor axons

A spinal nerve contains axons relaying what type of information?

both sensory and motor

How are white matter and gray matter organized?

White matter in the spinal cord is divided into white columns, and the gray matter is divided into gray horns.

Spinal meninges in order from superficial to deep

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which spinal nerve does not originate from the brachial plexus?

phrenic

In the tendon reflex

The Golgi tendon organ is the receptor and the response is muscle

In the stretch reflex

The muscle spindle is the receptor and the response is muscle contraction.

Reflex causing biceps to contract after touching a hot stove

Flexor reflex

What causes the triceps (antagonist) to relax?

Reciprocal inhibition

Reflex causing opposite leg to extend when stepping on glass

Contralateral reflex

Higher order functions, such as conscious thought, decision-making, and processing, occur in the

cerebrum

Once threshold is reached at -60 mV, what channels open and what phase do these cause?

Voltage-gated sodium channels open and cause depolarization

Which is not true regarding repair and damage in the CNS?

Axons are not capable of growing once damaged.

Regarding neurons and action potentials, which is correct for resting potential and threshold?

Resting potential is generally -70 mV and threshold is generally -60 mV

What neurotransmitter is used by a cholinergic synapse?

ACh, or acetylcholine

Question 5: Multiple answers true regarding myelinated axons

The myelin sheath is provided by oligodendrocytes in the CNS.

Action potentials are conducted faster.

The myelin sheath is provided by Schwann cells in the PNS.

Conduction of an action potential down a myelinated axon is called saltatory propagation.

Neuroglial cells maintaining the blood-brain barrier

Astrocytes support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier in the CNS.

Which is true?

The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, while the nerves would be part of the peripheral nervous system.

Term for multiple axons following the same path in the CNS

Tracts

Group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

nuclei

Acetylcholine effect on skeletal and cardiac muscle

It stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle.

White matter vs. gray matter

Areas of myelinated axons create the appearance of white matter, while neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons create the appearance of gray matter.

What leads to threshold?

graded, or local, potential

Neuroglial cells lining ventricles and handling CSF

Ependymal cells

What type of neuroglial cells are phagocytic in the CNS?

Microglial cells

Neuroglial cells responsible for the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Schwann cells

Neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system (increases heart rate, etc.)

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Loss of which neurotransmitter leads to Parkinson’s tremors?

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter that inhibits dopamine and is a common neuromodulator in the CNS

GABA

Major neurotransmitter in reward pathway

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter that causes bronchodilation

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Motor control of biceps vs. increased heart rate

Somatic motor; visceral motor

Functional division – vision and blood pressure

Vision would be an example of the somatic sensory division, and blood pressure would be part of the visceral sensory division.
Explanation:

Synapse – who sends and who receives

The pre-synaptic cell sends the message, and the post-synaptic cell receives the message.

Direction of potassium movement when voltage-gated K⁺ channels open

Out of the neuron

Resting potential maintenance

Leak channels and exchange pumps

Cause of hyperpolarization

Potassium continues leaving the cell due to the channels closing slowly

Neuroglial cells responsible for CNS myelin

Oligodendrocytes

Channel changes at +30 mV

Voltage-gated sodium channels close and voltage-gated potassium channels open

PNS neuroglial cells that monitor/regulate environment

Satellite cells

What determines a neurotransmitter's function?

The receptor the neurotransmitter binds to