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transportation of blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
size of a fist
about how big is the heart?
mediastinum
where is the heart located?
toward left foot
what direction does the apex of the heart point?
pericardium
membrane that covers the heart
epicardium
outer muscle layer of the heart that has blood vessels
myocardium
middle layer of thick muscle of the heart
endocardium
inner muscular lining of the heart
atria
upper chambers of the heart, thin walls, receive blood from veins
ventricles
lower chambers, thick walled, force blood out into arteries
tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, pulmonary valve, aortic valve
what are the 4 valves blood travels through in the heart?
chordae tendinae
what are the valves of the heart controlled by?
separate chambers, ensure one-way blood flow
what do the valves do?
murmur
a faulty valve reduces efficiency and causes a ____ (regurgitation)
vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta
what are the 4 major blood vessels?
coronary arteries
these supply the heart consistently with fresh oxygenated blood
vena cava
the superior and inferior ___ ___ bring deoxygenated blood to the heart
right atrium
deoxygenated blood enters the ___ ___
tricuspid
deoxygenated blood passes through the ____ valve
right
deoxygenated blood enters the ___ ventricle
pulmonary, arteries
deoxygenated blood passes through the ___ valve and into the pulmonary ____
deoxygenated
___ blood goes into the lungs
oxygen
carbon dioxide leaves blood and ___ enters blood
pulmonary veins
oxygenated blood comes back to heart from lungs through the ____ ____
atrium
oxygenated blood enters the left ___
bicuspid
oxygenated blood passes through the ___ valve
left
oxygenated blood enters the ___ ventricle
aorta
oxygenated blood passes through the aortic valve and into the ___
arteries
oxygenated blood travels to the body tissue through many ___ which merge into smaller arterioles
capillaries
oxygenated blood squeezes through arterioles into ___
released
oxygen is ___ and carbon dioxide is absorbed
veins
deoxygenated blood travels into venules which become larger and turn into ___
superior
the deoxygenated blood is routed by any veins towards the ___ and inferior vena cava
6
the body contains about __ quarts of blood
1000
how many times does the heart push blood around each day?
systole
myocardium contracting
diastole
myocardium relaxing
atrial systole
injects blood into ventricles while ventricles are in diastole
ventricular systole
pushes blood into pulmonary arteries or aorta while the atria are in diastole
lubb-dupp
what sound does the heart make?
lubb
the sound of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves closing
dupp
the sound of the pulmonary and aortic valves closing
60
how many times does atrial tissue beat per minute?
30
how many times does ventricular tissue beat per minute?
sino-atrial node
heart’s natural pacemaker located in the wall of right atrium that sets each heartbeat and pace
atrioventricular node
heart’s secondary pacemaker, sets rhythm of contractions, lets atrium contract first, then ventricle
medulla oblongata and vagus nerve
what two parts of the brain control the rate and strength of heart beats?
atrial fibrillation
this can happen if impulses malfunction and requires defibrillation or an artificial pacemaker
blood pressure
the force of blood pushing against the arterial walls
systolic pressure
pressure of blood in arteries as ventricles contract (top #)
diastolic pressure
pressure of blood in arteries when ventricles relax (bottom #)
hypertension
high blood pressure, leading cause of heart disease
makes heart work harder, damages inner wall of arteries, contributes to hardening of arteries
what are the dangers of hypertension?
smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, stress, old age, genetics
what are the contributing factors of hypertension?
hypotension
low blood pressure
symptoms
is hypotension determined by numbers or symptoms?
lightheaded, dizziness, fainting
what are the symptoms of hypotension?
blood vessels
closed circuit of tubes that carry blood from the heart to the body’s cells and back again
systemic vessels
carry blood to and from body systems
pulmonary vessels
carry blood to and from the lungs
arteries
strong and elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
arteries divide into progressively smaller thinner tubes called…
capillaries
the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles and venuoles
capillaries
in what vessels does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body take place?
veins
vessels that merge from venules and carry blood back to the heart
veins
do arteries or veins contain valves?
varicose veins
swollen veins distorted by valve failure
15%
what percentage of blood is in the heart and lungs at all times?
20%
what percentage of blood is in the brain, arteries, and muscles at all times?
65%
what percentage of blood is in the skin, liver, intestines, and veins at all times?
heart murmur
failure of valves to seal tightly
bradycardia
slower than normal heart rate
tachycardia
faster than normal heart rate
myocardial infarction
cell death from lack of oxygen in the myocardium (heart attack)
angina pectoris
pain associated with MI (arms, chest, back)
thrombus
stationary blood clot
embolus
drifting blood clot
embolism
blockage due to blood clot (embolus)
cerebrovascular accident
stroke (caused by thrombus or embolus)
aneurysm
bulge in weakened arterial wall (could rupture = very serious)
hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the rectum and anus
heart attack
blood clot formed in a coronary artery that derives heart cells of oxygen and glucose resulting in tissue death
heart attack
pressure/squeezing on chest, pain extending to shoulder, arm, back, and jaw, prolonged pain in upper abdomen, shortness of breath, fianting, nausea and vomiting - what are these symptoms of?
women’s
heartburn, clammy skin, lightheaded, fatigue, discomfort instead of “pain” - are these men’s or women’s symptoms of a heart attack?
call 911, CPR, chew aspirin
what should you do if expereincing a heart attack?
coronary angioplasty, coronary bypass
what surgical treatment is available for a heart attack?
red blood cells
what type of cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?
red marrow
where are red blood cells produced?
white blood cells
what type of cell defends against disease in the body?
plasma
this transports nutrients, proteins, and hormones in the blood
platelets
these are used in blood clotting
positive or negative
what does the Rh factor determine in the blood type?
anti-B
If Jack has blood type A+, what type of antibodies will his plasma have?
neither
what antigens does type O have?
neither
What antibodies does type AB have?
both A and B
what antibodies does type O have?
O-
what blood type is the universal donor?
AB+
what blood type is the universal receiver?
O-, A-, B-, AB-
if someone has type AB- blood, what blood can they receive?
O+, O-, B+, B-
If someone has type B+ blood, what blood can they receive?
