Studied by 36 people
Human geography
a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface
Physical geography
the study of physical features of the earth's surface
Absolute location
The exact position of a place on the earth's surface.
Relative location
the location of something in relation to something else
Spatial perspective
they way geographers look at everything-- in relation to space
Map
a 2D model of the earth or a portion of its surface
Mental map
A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area
Distribution
the frequency or occurrence of something
Pattern
a consistent or characteristic arrangement
Formal region
a region marked by uniformity
Functional (nodal) region
a group of places linked together by some function's influence on them
Perceptual (vernacular) region
a region defined by people's beliefs
Remote sensing
technique of obtaining information about objects through the study of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects being analyzed
Geographic Information Systems
a computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show those data
Diffusion
the spread of a culture element or some other phenomena
Expansion diffusion
a form of diffusion in which the cultural component spreads outward to new places while remaining strong in its original hearth
Relocation diffusion
a form of diffusion that involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin to a new place
Acculturation
occurs when the "weaker" of two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture
Assimilation
in cultural convergence, this occurs when the original traits of the weaker culuter are completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture
Transculturation
occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or traits without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
Contagious diffusion
a form of expansion diffusion in which numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters
Hierarchical diffusion
occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another ina leveled pattern
Independent invention
in which many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other
Environmental determinism
the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
Possibilism
the idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people
Culture
the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society
Cultural diffusion
the spread of culture
Cultural landscape
tangible result of a human group's interaction with its environment
Culture hearth
area where innovations in culture began and from which such cultural elements spread
Culture trait
a single piece of a culture's traditions and practices
Culture complex
a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group
Culture realm
A cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail.
Culture region
A region within which common culture charecteristics prevail
Culture system
collection of culture complexes that shaper a group's common identity
Sequent occupance
theory that a place is occupied by different groups of people, each group leaving an imprint on the place from which the next group learns
Folk culture
isolated group that has had long-lasting culture traits that have not changed substantially over time
Popular culture
mass culture that diffuses rapidly
Commodification
the process though which something is given monetary value
Stimulus diffusion
expansion diffusion in which the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters
adaptive strategies
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment
architectural form
the look of housing, effected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time
authenticity
the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions; the quality of being authentic
cultural appropriation
the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
folk culture
cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
folk ways
any informal norms, virtues, or values characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law
folklore
consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, and customs that are the traditions of that culture, subculture, or group
maladapted diffusion
diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality
material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
non material culture
the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values , of a group of people
placelessness
the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next
popular culture
cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, western societies
survey systems
systems that are used to collect data
traditional architecture
traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
vernacular
the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place
acculturation
the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous first-hand contact
adaptation
adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
assimilation
the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms when they come into contact with another society or culture
cultural convergence
contact and interaction of one culture and another
cultural divergence
the separation of cultures through less and less contact and interaction between them; restriction of a culture from outside influences
cultural integration
the process of combining cultures together into one
core / periphery / semi-periphery
the core-periphery idea that the core houses the main economic power of the region and the outlying region and that the periphery houses the lesser economic ties with the semi-periphery in-between the two
cultural identity
the way people categorize their culture, sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat
cultural realm
the entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture
cultural regions
a portion of earth's surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
global-local continuum
the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa
glocalization
the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
innovation adoption
the diffusion of new ideas
bario / favala
a shantytown in or near a city; slum area
cultural adaptation
adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
cultural shatter belt
an area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
ethnic cleansing
the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
ethnic conflict
a struggle that happened because of ethnicities interacting
ethnic conclave
a gathering of an ethnic group
ethnic group
people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
ethnic homeland
a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region
ethnic neighborhood
a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
ethnicity
affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
ethnocentrism
conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group
ghetto
a forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, or religious minority
plural society
a society that contains various cultural groups
race
a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
segregation
a measure of the degree to which members of a minority group are non-uniformly distributed among the total population
creole
a language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in a place of the mother tongue
dialect
local or regional characteristics of a language
indo-european language
a family of several hundred related languages and dialects
isogloss
a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
language family
group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
language group
set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics
lingua franca
a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce
linguistic diversity
the amount of variation of languages a place has
monolingual
only one language spoken
multilingual
more than one language spoken
official language
in multilingual countries the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
pidgin
when two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
proto language
an assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language
toponymy
the study of place names of a region, or toponyms
dowry death
in the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some cases, lead to the death of the bride
enfranchisement
to admit to citizenship; the rite of voting
gender
social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes
gender gap
a measurable difference between the behaviors of men and women
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Flashcard (31)