Biochemistry Unit Exam

metabolism

metabolism

is a reaction of all enzyme-catalysed reaction in a cell

anabolic reaction

is the make up of simpler molecules to complex molecules that undergo condensation reactions

canabolic reaction

is the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler molecules that undergo hydrolysis

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water and form a larger molecule

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many monomers

polypeptide

a link of multiple amino acids that occur because of a condensation reaction; this is called a peptide bond

3 monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

- they are made up of a 1:2:1 ratio

3 disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

how disaccharides form

from two monosaccharides that undergo a condensation reaction and form a glycosidic linkage

how glycerides form

fatty acids are linked to a glycerol by condensation reactions to produce lipids

Triglycerides

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol & H2O

hydrolysis

- a reaction of a large molecule broken down into a smaller molecule; water is used up; lysis=splitting

- catabolic reactions are hydrolysis reactions

3 types of polysaccharides

cellulose, glycogen, and starch

glucose molecule

cellulose

linear beta glucose polymer consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

starch (amylose & amylopectin)

is an alpha polymer with a branched helical shape; is used by plants to store glucose

amylose

a α-polysaccharide found in plants that is a helical chain; has only 1-4 linkages

amylopectin

has α-1,6-linkages that cause branching; stores energy in plants

glycogen

- a branched polymer of α-glucose and has more than 1-6 linkages

- is used by mammals to store glucose in liver and muscle cells

types of fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

all carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds

unsaturated fatty acids

contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

monounsaturated

only one covalent bond

polyunsaturated

two or more double bonds

cis unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on the SAME SIDE of a double bond in a fatty acid carbon chain; they have a bent shape

trans unsaturated fatty acids

hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on opposite sides of a double bond; they have a linear shape

how to find BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

buildup of plaque in the arteries of the heart

- cis unsaturated raises HDL and lowers LDL :)

- trans unsaturated lower HDL and LDL rises :(

- saturated fats raises HDL in most cases :/

amino acid structure

a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

proteome

an organism's complete set of proteins

amino acid diversity

the R group of amino acids vary and thus determines the trait

dipeptide

two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group and amino group; they form a peptide bond

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due

causes of denaturation

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

- the active site of an enzyme loses its structure and makes it unavailable for a substrate to bind

- hydrogen and ionic bonds are disrupted

levels of protein organization

1. primary structure

2. secondary structure

3. tertiary structure

4. quaternary structure

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

occurs when H-bonds react to construct alpha helics or beta sheets

tertiary structure

Results from interactions between alpha helices and beta and creates a 3D shape

quarternary structure

when multiple polypeptides interact with each other and are held by H-bonds that form its 3D structure

enzymes

proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but lower activation energy

structure of the small intestine

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa

peristalsis

a wave of muscle contractions that push food through the gut

circular muscle

muscle that prevents the bolus from moving backwards

longitudinal muscle

a muscle that contracts ahead of the bolus to shorten the distance for food to move

lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat (lipids) to make fatty acids+glycerol

- occurs in the pancreas and excretes into the small intestine

salivary amylase

enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starch to maltose

protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach and small intestine

absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

villi

are finger like structures of the mucosa on the inner intestinal wall

lacteal

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

blood capillaries

absorbs glucose/amino acids

enzyme inhibitors

are molecules that slow an enzymes ability to catalyze a reaction by interfering with a substrates access to the active site

competitve inhibition

an inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to an enzyme's active site; it slows the overall rate of reaction but can equal the normal optimum max

noncompetitive inhibitor

inhibit enzyme activity by binding to a secondary site called the allosteric site; this causes the active site to change formation and stops a substrate from binding

- it decreases the max rate of reaction permanently and plateaus

anatomy of the digestive system

Graph of non-competitive inhibitor

graph of competitive inhibitor

why are cis and trans fatty acids unsaturated?

they either have hydrocarbon bonds on the same side or either side. this includes the double bonds between carbon atoms.