Biochemistry Unit Exam

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59 Terms

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metabolism

is a reaction of all enzyme-catalysed reaction in a cell

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anabolic reaction

is the make up of simpler molecules to complex molecules that undergo condensation reactions

<p>is the make up of simpler molecules to complex molecules that undergo condensation reactions</p>
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canabolic reaction

is the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler molecules that undergo hydrolysis

<p>is the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler molecules that undergo hydrolysis</p>
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condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water and form a larger molecule

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polymer

A long molecule consisting of many monomers

<p>A long molecule consisting of many monomers</p>
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polypeptide

a link of multiple amino acids that occur because of a condensation reaction; this is called a peptide bond

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3 monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

- they are made up of a 1:2:1 ratio

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3 disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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how disaccharides form

from two monosaccharides that undergo a condensation reaction and form a glycosidic linkage

<p>from two monosaccharides that undergo a condensation reaction and form a glycosidic linkage</p>
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how glycerides form

fatty acids are linked to a glycerol by condensation reactions to produce lipids

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Triglycerides

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol & H2O

<p>3 fatty acids attached to glycerol & H2O</p>
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hydrolysis

- a reaction of a large molecule broken down into a smaller molecule; water is used up; lysis=splitting

- catabolic reactions are hydrolysis reactions

<p>- a reaction of a large molecule broken down into a smaller molecule; water is used up; lysis=splitting</p><p>- catabolic reactions are hydrolysis reactions</p>
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3 types of polysaccharides

cellulose, glycogen, and starch

<p>cellulose, glycogen, and starch</p>
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glucose molecule

<p></p>
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cellulose

linear beta glucose polymer consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

<p>linear beta glucose polymer consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls</p>
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starch (amylose & amylopectin)

is an alpha polymer with a branched helical shape; is used by plants to store glucose

<p>is an alpha polymer with a branched helical shape; is used by plants to store glucose</p>
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amylose

a α-polysaccharide found in plants that is a helical chain; has only 1-4 linkages

<p>a α-polysaccharide found in plants that is a helical chain; has only 1-4 linkages</p>
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amylopectin

has α-1,6-linkages that cause branching; stores energy in plants

<p>has α-1,6-linkages that cause branching; stores energy in plants</p>
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glycogen

- a branched polymer of α-glucose and has more than 1-6 linkages

- is used by mammals to store glucose in liver and muscle cells

<p>- a branched polymer of α-glucose and has more than 1-6 linkages</p><p>- is used by mammals to store glucose in liver and muscle cells</p>
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types of fatty acids

<p></p>
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saturated fatty acids

all carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds

<p>all carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds</p>
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unsaturated fatty acids

contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms

<p>contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms</p>
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monounsaturated

only one covalent bond

<p>only one covalent bond</p>
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polyunsaturated

two or more double bonds

<p>two or more double bonds</p>
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cis unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on the SAME SIDE of a double bond in a fatty acid carbon chain; they have a bent shape

<p>hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on the SAME SIDE of a double bond in a fatty acid carbon chain; they have a bent shape</p>
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trans unsaturated fatty acids

hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on opposite sides of a double bond; they have a linear shape

<p>hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on opposite sides of a double bond; they have a linear shape</p>
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how to find BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

<p>weight (kg) / height (m^2)</p>
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

buildup of plaque in the arteries of the heart

- cis unsaturated raises HDL and lowers LDL :)

- trans unsaturated lower HDL and LDL rises :(

- saturated fats raises HDL in most cases :/

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amino acid structure

a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group

<p>a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group</p>
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gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

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proteome

an organism's complete set of proteins

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amino acid diversity

the R group of amino acids vary and thus determines the trait

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dipeptide

two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group and amino group; they form a peptide bond

<p>two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group and amino group; they form a peptide bond</p>
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denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due

<p>loss of normal shape of a protein due</p>
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causes of denaturation

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

- the active site of an enzyme loses its structure and makes it unavailable for a substrate to bind

- hydrogen and ionic bonds are disrupted

<p>temperature, pH, substrate concentration</p><p>- the active site of an enzyme loses its structure and makes it unavailable for a substrate to bind</p><p>- hydrogen and ionic bonds are disrupted</p>
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levels of protein organization

1. primary structure

2. secondary structure

3. tertiary structure

4. quaternary structure

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primary structure

sequence of amino acids

<p>sequence of amino acids</p>
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secondary structure

occurs when H-bonds react to construct alpha helics or beta sheets

<p>occurs when H-bonds react to construct alpha helics or beta sheets</p>
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tertiary structure

Results from interactions between alpha helices and beta and creates a 3D shape

<p>Results from interactions between alpha helices and beta and creates a 3D shape</p>
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quarternary structure

when multiple polypeptides interact with each other and are held by H-bonds that form its 3D structure

<p>when multiple polypeptides interact with each other and are held by H-bonds that form its 3D structure</p>
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enzymes

proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but lower activation energy

<p>proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but lower activation energy</p>
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structure of the small intestine

lumen, mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa

<p>lumen, mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa</p>
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peristalsis

a wave of muscle contractions that push food through the gut

<p>a wave of muscle contractions that push food through the gut</p>
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circular muscle

muscle that prevents the bolus from moving backwards

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longitudinal muscle

a muscle that contracts ahead of the bolus to shorten the distance for food to move

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lipase

enzyme that breaks down fat (lipids) to make fatty acids+glycerol

- occurs in the pancreas and excretes into the small intestine

<p>enzyme that breaks down fat (lipids) to make fatty acids+glycerol</p><p>- occurs in the pancreas and excretes into the small intestine</p>
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salivary amylase

enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starch to maltose

<p>enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starch to maltose</p>
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protease

enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach and small intestine

<p>enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach and small intestine</p>
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absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

<p>The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood</p>
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villi

are finger like structures of the mucosa on the inner intestinal wall

<p>are finger like structures of the mucosa on the inner intestinal wall</p>
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lacteal

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

<p>a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids</p>
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blood capillaries

absorbs glucose/amino acids

<p>absorbs glucose/amino acids</p>
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enzyme inhibitors

are molecules that slow an enzymes ability to catalyze a reaction by interfering with a substrates access to the active site

<p>are molecules that slow an enzymes ability to catalyze a reaction by interfering with a substrates access to the active site</p>
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competitve inhibition

an inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to an enzyme's active site; it slows the overall rate of reaction but can equal the normal optimum max

<p>an inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to an enzyme's active site; it slows the overall rate of reaction but can equal the normal optimum max</p>
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noncompetitive inhibitor

inhibit enzyme activity by binding to a secondary site called the allosteric site; this causes the active site to change formation and stops a substrate from binding

- it decreases the max rate of reaction permanently and plateaus

<p>inhibit enzyme activity by binding to a secondary site called the allosteric site; this causes the active site to change formation and stops a substrate from binding</p><p>- it decreases the max rate of reaction permanently and plateaus</p>
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anatomy of the digestive system

<p></p>
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Graph of non-competitive inhibitor

<p></p>
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graph of competitive inhibitor

<p></p>
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why are cis and trans fatty acids unsaturated?

they either have hydrocarbon bonds on the same side or either side. this includes the double bonds between carbon atoms.