Studied by 2 people
metabolism
is a reaction of all enzyme-catalysed reaction in a cell
anabolic reaction
is the make up of simpler molecules to complex molecules that undergo condensation reactions
canabolic reaction
is the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler molecules that undergo hydrolysis
condensation reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water and form a larger molecule
polymer
A long molecule consisting of many monomers
polypeptide
a link of multiple amino acids that occur because of a condensation reaction; this is called a peptide bond
3 monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
- they are made up of a 1:2:1 ratio
3 disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
how disaccharides form
from two monosaccharides that undergo a condensation reaction and form a glycosidic linkage
how glycerides form
fatty acids are linked to a glycerol by condensation reactions to produce lipids
Triglycerides
3 fatty acids attached to glycerol & H2O
hydrolysis
- a reaction of a large molecule broken down into a smaller molecule; water is used up; lysis=splitting
- catabolic reactions are hydrolysis reactions
3 types of polysaccharides
cellulose, glycogen, and starch
glucose molecule
cellulose
linear beta glucose polymer consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
starch (amylose & amylopectin)
is an alpha polymer with a branched helical shape; is used by plants to store glucose
amylose
a α-polysaccharide found in plants that is a helical chain; has only 1-4 linkages
amylopectin
has α-1,6-linkages that cause branching; stores energy in plants
glycogen
- a branched polymer of α-glucose and has more than 1-6 linkages
- is used by mammals to store glucose in liver and muscle cells
types of fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
all carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
contain one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms
monounsaturated
only one covalent bond
polyunsaturated
two or more double bonds
cis unsaturated fatty acid
hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on the SAME SIDE of a double bond in a fatty acid carbon chain; they have a bent shape
trans unsaturated fatty acids
hydrogen atoms are bonded to carbon atoms on opposite sides of a double bond; they have a linear shape
how to find BMI
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
buildup of plaque in the arteries of the heart
- cis unsaturated raises HDL and lowers LDL :)
- trans unsaturated lower HDL and LDL rises :(
- saturated fats raises HDL in most cases :/
amino acid structure
a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
proteome
an organism's complete set of proteins
amino acid diversity
the R group of amino acids vary and thus determines the trait
dipeptide
two amino acids bonded together by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group and amino group; they form a peptide bond
denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due
causes of denaturation
temperature, pH, substrate concentration
- the active site of an enzyme loses its structure and makes it unavailable for a substrate to bind
- hydrogen and ionic bonds are disrupted
levels of protein organization
1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. quaternary structure
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
occurs when H-bonds react to construct alpha helics or beta sheets
tertiary structure
Results from interactions between alpha helices and beta and creates a 3D shape
quarternary structure
when multiple polypeptides interact with each other and are held by H-bonds that form its 3D structure
enzymes
proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions but lower activation energy
structure of the small intestine
lumen, mucosa, submucosa, circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, serosa
peristalsis
a wave of muscle contractions that push food through the gut
circular muscle
muscle that prevents the bolus from moving backwards
longitudinal muscle
a muscle that contracts ahead of the bolus to shorten the distance for food to move
lipase
enzyme that breaks down fat (lipids) to make fatty acids+glycerol
- occurs in the pancreas and excretes into the small intestine
salivary amylase
enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starch to maltose
protease
enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach and small intestine
absorption
The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
villi
are finger like structures of the mucosa on the inner intestinal wall
lacteal
a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids
blood capillaries
absorbs glucose/amino acids
enzyme inhibitors
are molecules that slow an enzymes ability to catalyze a reaction by interfering with a substrates access to the active site
competitve inhibition
an inhibitor competes with the normal substrate for binding to an enzyme's active site; it slows the overall rate of reaction but can equal the normal optimum max
noncompetitive inhibitor
inhibit enzyme activity by binding to a secondary site called the allosteric site; this causes the active site to change formation and stops a substrate from binding
- it decreases the max rate of reaction permanently and plateaus
anatomy of the digestive system
Graph of non-competitive inhibitor
graph of competitive inhibitor
why are cis and trans fatty acids unsaturated?
they either have hydrocarbon bonds on the same side or either side. this includes the double bonds between carbon atoms.
