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QUANTITATIVE DATA

is in numerical form

QUALITATIVE DATA

descriptive or in words.

DATA GATHERING

process of collecting and measuring data to answer the research questions, test hypothesis and evaluate results.

continuous data

includes complex numbers and varying data values measured over a particular time interval.

discontinuous data

numerical type of data that includes whole, concrete numbers with specific and fixed data values determined by counting.

POPULATION

the entire group you want.

sample

number of people who represents the population.

sampling

It is the process of choosing a representative portion of a population.

random sampling

sample is randomly selected

purposive sampling

participants must meet a certain qualification.

sample size

The number of individuals or observations included in an experiment

probability sampling

to obtain a sample that is truly

representative of the population

of interest

non-probability sampling

Advantages: cost

effective, efficient and ease of use

Disadvantage: cannot determine if the

sample is a

representation of the population

probability sampling

simple random sampling

stratified random sampling

systematic sampling

cluster random sampling

multi-stage random sampling.

non-probability sampling

convenience sampling

purposive sampling

quota sampling

snowball sampling.

instrument

the tool in gathering data.

observation

gathering data by looking

questionnaire

gathering data using

planned list of questions.

qualitative data

used as support for quantitative

data; a meaning, expeiences, behaviour, attitude, perspectives, or an explanation to cause

and effect.; to collect detailed and rich descriptions of what is

observed. It answers the question why, who, what, when, or how come. The design of the questions in this

type of data are open-ended.

survey

seek for

deeper and detailed

data and the researcher

may give follow up

questions.

interview

giving follow up

questions, there must

be a list of guide

questions;

One-on-one conversations with participants to collect data.

focus group

at

least 8-12 persons;

Group interviews that are used to gather data on people's attitudes, beliefs, and experiences.

document review

way of

collecting data from

existing documents;

The systematic examination of existing documents to collect data.

observations

The systematic observation of people, behaviors, or events to collect data.

Simple random sampling

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified random sampling

The population is divided into strata, or subgroups, and a random sample is drawn from each stratum.

Systematic sampling

Every kth member of the population is selected, where k is determined by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.

Cluster sampling

The population is divided into clusters, and a random sample of clusters is selected. All members of the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Multi-stage random sampling

A combination of two or more of the above sampling methods.

Convenience sampling

The researcher selects members of the population who are easy to access or who are willing to participate.

Purposive sampling

The researcher selects members of the population who are purposefully chosen to represent the characteristics of the population that are of interest to the researcher.

Quota sampling

The researcher sets quotas for different subgroups of the population and then selects members of each subgroup until the quotas are filled.

Snowball sampling

The researcher starts with a small number of participants and then asks them to identify other members of the population who meet the study criteria.