Latin 101 midterm 1

Present Indicative Active

Present Indicative Active

The present indicative active form of a verb indicates an action that is currently happening. The endings of the verbs change based on the person and number of the subject.

Endings for present indicative active first conjugation

• 1st Person Singular: -ō (I)

  • Example: amō (I love)

• 2nd Person Singular: -ās (you)

  • Example: amās (you love)

• 3rd Person Singular: -at (he/she/it)

  • Example: amat (he/she/it loves)

• 1st Person Plural: -āmus (we)

  • Example: amāmus (we love)

• 2nd Person Plural: -ātis (you all)

  • Example: amātis (you all love)

• 3rd Person Plural: -ant (they)

  • Example: amant (they love)

First Conjugation

• Infinitive Ending: -āre

• Example Verb: amāre (to love)

• Present Tense Endings: -ō, -ās, -at, -āmus, -ātis, -ant

• Future Tense Endings: -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt

Second Conjugation

• Infinitive Ending: -ēre

• Example Verb: monēre (to advise)

• Present Tense Endings: -eō, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent

• Future Tense Endings: -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt

Third Conjugation

• Infinitive Ending: -ere

• Example Verb: regere (to rule)

• Present Tense Endings: -ō, -is, -it, -imus, -itis, -unt

• Future Tense Endings: -am, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent

Fourth Conjugation

• Infinitive Ending: -īre

• Example Verb: audīre (to hear)

• Present Tense Endings: -iō, -īs, -it, -īmus, -ītis, -iunt

• Future Tense Endings: -iam, -iēs, -iet, -iēmus, -iētis, -ient

Mixed Conjugation

third and fourth conjugations:

• Infinitive Ending: -ere

• Example Verb: capere (to take)

• Present Tense Endings: -iō, -is, -it, -imus, -itis, -iunt

• Future Tense Endings: -iam, -iēs, -iet, -iēmus, -iētis, -ient

what are the 6 irregular verbs?

sum, esse (to be)

possum, posse (to be able)

eō, īre (to go)

volō, velle (to want)

nōlō, nōlle (to not want)

malō, malle (to prefer)

Sum, esse (to be)

• Present: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

• Future: erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

• possum, posse (to be able)

• • Present: possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt

  • Future: poterō, poteris, poterit, poterimus, poteritis, poterunt

• eō, īre (to go)

• • Present: eō, īs, it, īmus, ītis, eunt

  • Future: ībō, ībis, ībit, ībimus, ībitis, ībunt

• volō, velle (to want)

• • Present: volō, vīs, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt

  • Future: volam, volēs, volet, volēmus, volētis, volent

• nōlō, nōlle (to not want)

• • Present: nōlō, nōn vīs, nōn vult, nōlumus, nōn vultis, nōlunt

  • Future: nōlam, nōlēs, nōlet, nōlēmus, nōlētis, nōlent

• malō, malle (to prefer)

• • Present: malō, māvīs, māvult, mālumus, māvultis, mālunt

  • Future: malam, malēs, malet, malēmus, malētis, malent

indicative

statements or facts = he runs

imperative

commands or requests = run!

infinitive

basic form of the verb = to run

infinitive verb conjugations’

• 1st Conjugation: -āre (e.g., amāre)

• 2nd Conjugation: -ēre (e.g., monēre)

• 3rd Conjugation: -ere (e.g., regere)

• 4th Conjugation: -īre (e.g., audīre)

• Mixed Conjugation: -ere (e.g., capere)

Nouns belong to declensions. How do you know what declension a noun belongs to?

You know what declension a noun belongs to by looking at the genitive singular ending:

• 1st Declension: -ae (e.g., puella, puellae)

• 2nd Declension: -ī (e.g., servus, servī)

• 3rd Declension: -is (e.g., rēx, rēgis)

Nouns have gender, number, and case.

Gender refers to the classification of nouns as masculine, feminine, or neuter.

b. Number indicates whether the noun is singular (one) or plural (more than one).

c. Case indicates the function of the noun in the sentence (e.g., subject, direct object, possession).

nominative case

subject of the sentence

vocative case

directly addressing

accusative case

direct object of a sentence

genitive case

show possession

ecce! est diēs lūnae et vicēsimus tertius diēs ejus mēnsis

Hey! It is monday and the twenty third day of this month

discipulī tristēs sunt quia hodiē sol fulgēbit decem hōrās et trēs minūtās et hiems advenit

The students are sad because today the sun will shine for ten hours and three minutes and winter is coming.

discipulī autem ad lūdum laetē eunt quia probātiōnem prīmam agere volunt.

However, the students go to school happily because they want to take the first test.

est optimōrum discipulōrum probātiōnēs agere velle

It is the desire of the best students to take tests

• est: “is” (verb)

• optimōrum discipulōrum: “of the best students” (genitive plural, indicating possession)

• probātiōnēs: “tests” (accusative plural, direct object)

• agere: “to do” or “to perform” (infinitive, complementary infinitive)

• velle: “to want” (infinitive, complementary infinitive)

discipulī ad lūdum adveniunt. magistra eōs videt et “salvēte” inquit “omnes. haec est probātiō prīma. scrībite hanc latīnam fabellam anglicē. bonam fortūnam!”

“The students arrive at school. The teacher sees them and says, ‘Hello everyone. This is the first test. Write this Latin story in English. Good luck!”’”

• discipulī: “students” (subject of the sentence)

• ad lūdum: “to school” (prepositional phrase indicating direction)

• adveniunt: “arrive” (verb)

• magistra: “teacher” (subject of the next clause)

• eōs: “them” (direct object of the verb “videt”)

• videt: “sees” (verb)

• et: “and” (conjunction)

• salvēte: “hello” (greeting, imperative form)

• inquit: “says” (verb)

• omnes: “everyone” (vocative case, addressing the students)

• haec: “this” (demonstrative pronoun)

• est: “is” (verb)

• probātiō: “test” (subject of the clause)

• prīma: “first” (adjective modifying “probātiō”)

• scrībite: “write” (command directed at multiple people)

• hanc: “this” (demonstrative pronoun modifying “fabellam”)

• latīnam: “Latin” (adjective modifying “fabellam”)

• fabellam: “story” (direct object of the verb “scrībite”)

• anglicē: “in English” (adverb indicating the language)

• bonam: “good” (adjective modifying “fortūnam”)

• fortūnam: “luck” (direct object of the implied verb “have” or “wish”)

Publius Ovidius Naso poeta magnae artis et tristis exsul. cūr tristis est? cūr exsul? ō discipulī, si legētis, discētis omnia!

“Publius Ovidius Naso, a poet of great skill and a sad exile. Why is he sad? Why is he an exile? Oh students, if you read, you will learn everything!”

• Publius Ovidius Naso: Proper name (subject)

• poeta: “poet” (subject complement)

• magnae artis: “of great skill” (genitive phrase modifying “poeta”)

• et: “and” (conjunction)

• tristis exsul: “sad exile” (subject complement)

• cūr tristis est?: “Why is he sad?” (question)

• cūr exsul?: “Why is he an exile?” (question)

• ō discipulī: “Oh students” (vocative case, addressing the students)

• si legētis: “if you read” (conditional clause)

• discētis omnia: “you will learn everything” (main clause)

multī carmina Ovidiī legunt et auctōrem illōrum carminum laudant. Augustus autem ille imperātor nec Ovidium nec carmina ejus laudat quia Ovidius amōrem prāvum turpemque narrat

Many read the poems of Ovid and praise the author of those poems. However, Augustus the emperor neither praises Ovid nor his poems because Ovid tells of depraved and shameful love.”

1. multī: many (nominative plural masculine of “multus”)

2. carmina: poems (accusative plural of “carmen”)

3. Ovidiī: of Ovid (genitive singular of “Ovidius”)

4. legunt: read (3rd person plural present indicative active of “legō”)

5. et: and (conjunction)

6. auctōrem: the author (accusative singular of “auctor”)

7. illōrum: of those (genitive plural masculine of “ille”)

8. carminum: poems (genitive plural of “carmen”)

9. laudant: praise (3rd person plural present indicative active of “laudō”)

10. Augustus: Augustus (proper name, subject)

11. autem: however (conjunction)

12. ille: that (nominative singular masculine of “ille”)

13. imperātor: emperor (nominative singular of “imperātor”)

14. nec: neither (conjunction)

15. Ovidium: Ovid (accusative singular of “Ovidius”)

16. nec: nor (conjunction)

17. carmina: poems (accusative plural of “carmen”)

18. ejus: his (genitive singular of “is, ea, id”)

19. laudat: praises (3rd person singular present indicative active of “laudō”)

20. quia: because (conjunction)

21. Ovidius: Ovid (nominative singular of “Ovidius”)

22. amōrem: love (accusative singular of “amor”)

23. prāvum: depraved (accusative singular masculine of “prāvus”)

24. turpemque: and shameful (accusative singular masculine of “turpis”)

25. narrat: tells (3rd person singular present indicative active of “narrō”)

turpia pravaque ācta neptis Augustī narrat. Augustus carmina ejus legit et verba ejus audit. magna īra eum statim capit

He tells of the shameful and depraved acts of Augustus’ granddaughter. Augustus reads his poems and hears his words. Great anger immediately seizes him

turpia: shameful (nominative plural neuter of “turpis”)

1. pravaque: and depraved (nominative plural neuter of “prāvus”)

2. ācta: acts (nominative plural neuter of “āctum”)

3. neptis: granddaughter (genitive singular of “neptis”)

4. Augustī: of Augustus (genitive singular of “Augustus”)

5. narrat: tells (3rd person singular present indicative active of “narrō”)

6. Augustus: Augustus (proper name, subject)

7. carmina: poems (accusative plural of “carmen”)

8. ejus: his (genitive singular of “is, ea, id”)

9. legit: reads (3rd person singular present indicative active of “legō”)

10. et: and (conjunction)

11. verba: words (accusative plural of “verbum”)

12. ejus: his (genitive singular of “is, ea, id”)

13. audit: hears (3rd person singular present indicative active of “audiō”)

14. magna: great (nominative singular feminine of “magnus”)

is “ō poeta” inquit “tua carmina prāva turpiaque sunt! sunt carmina maximae prāvitātis! ō neptis, tua ācta turpia prāvaque sunt! es fēmina maximae prāvitātis!” imperātor et poētam et neptem dēportat. ō rem tristem!

Oh poet,” he says, “your poems are depraved and shameful! They are poems of the greatest depravity! Oh granddaughter, your acts are shameful and depraved! You are a woman of the greatest depravity!” The emperor deports both the poet and the granddaughter. Oh, what a sad thing

• ō poeta: “Oh poet” (vocative case, addressing the poet)

• inquit: “he says” (verb)

• tua carmina prāva turpiaque sunt: “your poems are depraved and shameful” (subject + predicate)

• sunt carmina maximae prāvitātis: “they are poems of the greatest depravity” (subject + predicate)

• ō neptis: “Oh granddaughter” (vocative case, addressing the granddaughter)

• tua ācta turpia prāvaque sunt: “your acts are shameful and depraved” (subject + predicate)

• es fēmina maximae prāvitātis: “you are a woman of the greatest depravity” (subject + predicate)

• imperātor et poētam et neptem dēportat: “the emperor deports both the poet and the granddaughter” (subject + verb + direct objects)

• ō rem tristem: “Oh, what a sad thing!” (exclamation)