Chapter 14: Social Psychology

5.0(2)
studied byStudied by 35 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/74

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

75 Terms

1
New cards
Solomon Asch
________ (1951) conducted one of the most interesting conformity experiments.
2
New cards
Norms of reciprocity
________ are at work when you feel compelled to send money to the charity that sent you free return address labels or when you cast your vote in the student election for the candidate that handed out those delicious chocolate chip cookies.
3
New cards
Harold Kelley
________ put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.
4
New cards
Stereotypes
________ may be either negative or positive and can be applied to virtually any group of people (e.g., racial, ethnic, geographic)
5
New cards
false consensus
The ________ effect- The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.
6
New cards
Distinctiveness
________ refers to how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched Charley.
7
New cards
Social loafing
________ is the phenomenon when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone.
8
New cards
Groupthink
________ occurs when group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group.
9
New cards
Muzafer Sherifs
________ (1966) camp study (also known as the Robbers Cave study) illustrates both how easily out- group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formerly antagonistic groups.
10
New cards
New Yorkers
Stereotyping can lead to prejudice when negative stereotypes (those rude ________) are applied uncritically to all members of a group (she is from ________, therefore she must be rude) and a negative attitude results.
11
New cards
attitude
________ is a set of beliefs and feelings.
12
New cards
Leon Festinger
________ and James Carlsmith conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the late 1950s.
13
New cards
Attribution theory
________ is another area of study within the field of social cognition.
14
New cards
Persuasive messages
________ can be processed through the central route or the peripheral route.
15
New cards
Social psychologists
________ also study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another.
16
New cards
Prejudice
________ is an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people.
17
New cards
Cognitive dissonance theory
________ is based on the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.
18
New cards
mere exposure effect
________ states that the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it.
19
New cards
Instrumental aggression
________ is when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end.
20
New cards
group bias
In- ________ is thought to stem from peoples belief that they themselves are good people.
21
New cards
Self serving bias
________ is the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones.
22
New cards
Conformity
________ is the tendency of people to go along with the views or actions of others.
23
New cards
prosocial behavior
Helping behavior is termed ________.
24
New cards
Attitudes
________ are evaluative, meaning that our feelings toward such things are necessarily positive or negative.
25
New cards
Attribution theory
________ tries to explain how people determine the cause of what they observe.
26
New cards
Harold Kelley put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information
consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
27
New cards
central route
to persuasion involves deeply processing the content of the message; what about this potato chip is so much better than all the others?
28
New cards
peripheral route
on the other hand, involves other aspects of the message including the characteristics of the person imparting the message (the communicator).
29
New cards
**Cognitive dissonance theory**
is based on the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors.
30
New cards
**Leon Festinger** and **James Carlsmith**
conducted the classic experiment about cognitive dissonance in the late 1950s.
31
New cards
Compliance Strategies
Often people use certain strategies to get others to comply with their wishes.
32
New cards
**door-in-the-face**
strategy argues that after people refuse a large request, they will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable.
33
New cards
Norms of reciprocity
are at work when you feel compelled to send money to the charity that sent you free return address labels or when you cast your vote in the student election for the candidate that handed out those delicious chocolate chip cookies.
34
New cards
**Attribution theory**
is another area of study within the field of social cognition.
35
New cards
**Harold Kelley**
put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: **consistency**, **distinctiveness**, and **consensus**.
36
New cards
Consistency
refers to how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time.
37
New cards
Distinctiveness
refers to how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched Charley.
38
New cards
Consensus
asks us to consider how others in the same situation have responded.
39
New cards
**Robert Rosenthal** and **Lenore Jacobson’s**
(1968) “Pygmalion in the Classroom” experiment.
40
New cards
fundamental attribution
was named **fundamental** because it was believed to be so widespread.
41
New cards
individualistic culture
like the American culture, the importance and uniqueness of the individual is stressed.
42
New cards
collectivist cultures
like Japanese culture, a person’s link to various groups such as family or company is stressed.
43
New cards
**false-consensus effect**
The tendency for people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them.
44
New cards
**Self-serving bias**
is the tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones.
45
New cards
**just-world bias**
in which misfortunes befall people who deserve them, can be seen in the tendency to blame victims.
46
New cards
Stereotypes
may be either negative or positive and can be applied to virtually any group of people (e.g., racial, ethnic, geographic).
47
New cards
**Prejudice**
is an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of people.
48
New cards
**Ethnocentrism**
the belief that one’s culture (e.g., ethnic, racial) is superior to others, is a specific kind of prejudice.
49
New cards
In-group bias
is thought to stem from people’s belief that they themselves are good people.
50
New cards
**out-groups**
more diverse than members of other groups
51
New cards
**contact theory**
One theory about how to reduce prejudice is known as the
52
New cards
**superordinate goal**
The contact theory, as its name suggests, states that contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all.
53
New cards
**Muzafer Sherif’s**
(1966) camp study (also known as the Robbers Cave study) illustrates both how easily out-group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formerly antagonistic groups.
54
New cards
Instrumental aggression
is when the aggressive act is intended to secure a particular end.
55
New cards
Hostile aggression
on the other hand, has no such clear purpose.
56
New cards
Sociobiologists
suggest that the expression of aggression is adaptive under certain circumstances.
57
New cards
**frustration-aggression hypothesis**
One of the most influential theories, however, is known as the
58
New cards
**prosocial behavior**
Helping behavior is termed
59
New cards
**bystander intervention**
the conditions under which people nearby are more and less likely to help someone in trouble.
60
New cards
bystander effect
the larger the number of people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene.
61
New cards
**diffusion of responsibility**
The larger the group of people who witness a problem, the less responsible any one individual feels to help.
62
New cards
**pluralistic ignorance**
Another factor contributing to the bystander effect is known as
63
New cards
**self-disclosure**
A term often employed as part of liking and loving studies is
64
New cards
Attraction
Social psychologists also study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another.
65
New cards
**social facilitation**
This phenomenon, that the presence of others improves task performance, is known as
66
New cards
**social impairment**
When the task being observed was a difficult one rather than a simple, well-practiced skill, being watched by others actually hurt performance, a finding known as
67
New cards
**Conformity**
has been an area of much research as well.
68
New cards
**Solomon Asch**
(1951) conducted one of the most interesting conformity experiments.
69
New cards
**norms**
All groups have **_**, rules about how group members should act.
70
New cards
**roles**
Within groups is often a set of specific
71
New cards
Social loafing
is the phenomenon when individuals do not put in as much effort when acting as part of a group as they do when acting alone.
72
New cards
**Group polarization**
is the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the group members would make individually.
73
New cards
**Groupthink**
a term coined by **Irving Janis**, describes the tendency for some groups to make bad decisions.
74
New cards
**deindividuation**
This loss of self-restraint occurs when group members feel anonymous and aroused, and this phenomenon is known as
75
New cards
**Philip Zimbardo’s** prison experiment.
One famous experiment that showed not only how such conditions can cause people to deindividuation but also the effect of roles and the situation in general