Chapter10_IDs.docx (copy)

Spoils System

Spoils System

A system where public offices are awarded to supporters of the winning candidate, advocated by Jackson to prevent the establishment of an entrenched bureaucratic class.

The Election of 1824/Favorite Sons

A presidential race in 1824 with four candidates, none of whom won a majority in the Electoral College, leading to the House of Representatives choosing from the top three candidates.

Twelfth Amendment

Amendment requiring electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president, created to prevent ties like the one between Jefferson and Burr in 1800.

The Corrupt Bargain—1825

Alleged deal between Adams and Clay after the 1824 election, where Clay was appointed Secretary of State, weakening Adams and rallying support for Jackson.

American System—1824

Proposed by Henry Clay, a system of government programs including a protective tariff, a strong banking system, and infrastructure development to benefit all parts of the nation.

Tariff of 1816

A tariff aimed at protecting American industries from British competition by imposing higher rates.

Tariff of Abominations—1828

A high tariff proposed to win votes for Jackson, disliked by the South for taxing them to benefit the North and potentially interfere with slavery.

South Carolina Exposition & Protest—1828

Response to the Tariff of Abominations by Calhoun, arguing states could declare laws unconstitutional and nullify them, even suggesting secession.

The Election of 1828—Sectionalism

Showed a divided country along sectional lines, with Adams and Jackson dominating different regions.

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election as a victory for the common man over the elite, marking a shift towards populism and opposition to special privilege.

King Mob

The inelegant scene at Jackson’s inauguration led conservatives to fear that Jackson’selection marked the rise of the vulgar mob, the common rabble, to political power

Old Man Eloquent

After he left the White House, John Quincy Adams served seventeen years in the House of Representatives where he was a strong voice for free speech and against slavery.

Maysville Road Veto - 1830

President Andrew Jackson's veto of a bill to fund improvements to the Maysville Road in Kentucky, citing it as unconstitutional and a misuse of federal funds.

Eaton Affair - 1830

Political scandal during Andrew Jackson's presidency involving Secretary of War John Eaton's marriage to Margaret O'Neill, causing cabinet resignations.

Webster-Hayne Debate - 1830

Senate clash between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over states' rights vs. federal power, highlighting sectional tensions.

Tariff of 1832

Legislation passed by Congress to reduce tariffs on certain goods but still faced opposition from Southern states, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification—1832

State law declaring federal tariffs unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state, leading to a constitutional crisis.

Force Bill

A law passed by Congress in response to the Nullification Crisis, but was never invoked due to the Compromise Tariff of 1833 being passed on the same day.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Devised by Henry Clay, it gradually reduced the high rates of the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 back to the level of the 1816 tariff, leading South Carolina to withdraw its ordinance nullifying the previous tariffs.

Second Bank of the United States

Established in 1816 to address economic issues caused by the expiration of the first bank's charter, state banks issuing unsound money, and the lack of a secure federal depository.

Veto of the 2nd Bank of U.S.—1832

President Jackson vetoed the re-charter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832, citing it as bad policy and unconstitutional, leading to significant economic and political consequences.

Nicholas Biddle

The president of the Second Bank of the United States known for his brilliance and arrogance, who believed in running the Bank without political interference.

Election of 1832

An election where the Bank of the United States was a major issue, leading to Jackson's victory over Clay, showcasing the divide between the common people and the aristocracy.

Anti-Masonic Party’s Influence on National Politics – 1832

In 1832, the Anti-Masonic Party emerged as the first third party in the U.S., opposing Freemasonry. They influenced national politics by holding the first national nominating convention and shaping future party structures.

Pet Banks

Term used to describe state banks favored by President Andrew Jackson to receive federal funds after he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832

Specie Circular—1836

Issued by Jackson in response to economic issues caused by pet banks, it required all public land purchases to be made with gold or silver, contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837

A severe financial depression caused by various factors including the Specie Circular, state banks' inability to meet demands for hard currency, and Britain calling in foreign loans.

Whig Party

Formed in opposition to Jackson's policies, the Whigs aimed to limit executive power, but faced challenges in the election of 1836 due to their inability to agree on a single candidate.

Andrew Jackson in Florida - 1816-181

Arguing that Seminole Indians and runaway slaves were using Spanish Florida as a refuge from US law, Jackson obtained permission to take a military force into Florida. Once there he exceeded the limits of his authority and terrorized Indians and Brits.

Indian Removal Act—1830

A law pushed through by President Jackson to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from their lands east of the Mississippi River to new territories in the west, leading to significant consequences like the Trail of Tears.

Worcester v. Georgia—1832

Supreme Court case affirming Cherokee sovereignty over their territory, but not enforced by President Jackson. Led to the Trail of Tears.

Trail of Tears—1838–1839

Forced relocation of Native American tribes from southeastern US to Indian Territory, resulting in thousands of deaths due to harsh conditions and disease.

Black Hawk’s War

Was a conflict in 1832 between the United States and Native American tribes led by Chief Black Hawk, who resisted removal from their lands in Illinois and Wisconsin.

Second Party System, 1828 – 1860

The Second Party System in U.S. politics was marked by intense competition between the Democrats and Whigs. It revolved around economic matters, the federal government's role, and expansionist policies.

Independent Treasury/Divorce Bill

A proposal by President Van Buren in 1840 to separate the federal government from banking by establishing independent treasuries to hold government funds.

Election of 1840

The election where William Henry Harrison became president and John Tyler vice president, marking the rise of a populist democratic style in politics and the beginning of a durable two-party system.