(7b) vocabulary & idioms 3

have a chip on ur shoulder (abt sth)

ôm hận trg lòng → bị nhắc lại là tức, cảm thấy k công bằng

• “He has a real chip on his shoulder abt not being chosen for the team.”

full of hot air

saying things that r not valuable/useful

• “The politician’s speech was full of hot air.”

pick holes in sth

to find the weak points in sth (plan, suggestion, etc,); chỉ ra khuyết điểm

• “It was easy to pick holes in his arguments.”

sit on the fence

to avoid becoming involved in sth, making decisions

• “He tends to sit on the fence at meetings.”

pay through the nose (for sth)

to pay too much money for sth

• “We paid through the nose for that car.”

split hairs

to pay too much attention in an argument to differences that r very small

• “U r just splitting hairs—it doesn’t really matter.

get/set/start/keep the ball rolling

to get sth started; mở màn

• “Let’s get the ball rolling on the project.”

read between the lines

to look for a hidden/implied meaning in sth

• “Reading between the lines, I think Clare needs money.”

leave sb holding the baby

to suddenly make sb responsible for sth for u

• “He changed to another job and we were left holding the baby.”

jump the gun

to do sth too soon, b4 the right time

• “They jumped the gun by announcing the deal too early.”

(put sth) on the back burner

to make sth a low priority; tạm gác lại để sang 1 bên

• “We have to put the idea on the back-burner for now.”

over the top (OTT)

done w too much acting/emotion/effort

• “an over-the-top reaction”

at the eleventh hour

nước đến chân mới nhảy

• “She finished the project at the eleventh hour.”

down in the mouth

unhappy & depressed

• “He looked rlly down in the mouth after the exam.”

atypical

not typical/usu >< typical

amoral

amorality

not following any moral rules & not caring abt right & wrong = immoral >< moral

• “Guy was greedy, amoral and dishonest.”

nonsense

nonsensical

deforest

deforestation

to cut down & destroy all the trees

disorder

disordered

disorderly

1. a condition/illness that causes problems w the body part/brain

• “a blood/bowel disorder”

2. an untidy state; a lack of order >< order

• in (…) disorder: “His financial affairs were in complete disorder.”

3. violent behaviour of large groups

• “an outbreak of rioting and public disorder”

dysfunction

dysfunctional

1. a body part not working

• “The inflammation can lead to organ dysfunction if not treated.”

2. the situ when the relationships are not working

• “a tale of loneliness and family dysfunction”

malpractice

careless/wrong/illegal behaviour while in a professional job

• “medical malpractice”

maltreat

maltreatment

maltreat sb/sth: to treat sb cruelly = ill-treat

• “Officers were accused of maltreating prisoners.”

pseudoscience

theories/beliefs/methods that r claimed to be based on scientific fact → in reality they r not

• “Eugenics was a pseudoscience based on racism.”

counteract

counteract sth: to reduce/prevent the bad effects = counter

• “These exercises aim to counteract the effects of stress & tension.”

counterpart

a person/thing that has the same position/function as sb/sth else in a diff place

• “The Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese counterpart.”

contraflow

when half of a large road is closed for repairs → các xe đi ngược chiều phải đi cùng 1 bên

• “A contraflow system is in operation on this section of the motorway.”

contraindicate

contraindication

(drug, treatment) w medical reason why it shouldn’t be used in a situation

• "Age alone is not a contraindication to surgery.”

pro-life

opposed to abortion = anti-choice >< pro-choice

• “the pro-life movement”

empower

empowerment

1. to give sb the power/authority to do sth = authorize

• be empowered (to do sth): “The courts were empowered to impose the death sentence for certain crimes.”

2. empower sb (to do sth): to give sb more control over their own life

• “The movement actively empowered women & gave them confidence in themselves.”

imbed

embed

1. imbed sth (in sth): to fix sth in a substance/solid object

• “The bullet imbedded itself in the wall.”

• “These attitudes are deeply imbedded in our society (= felt very strongly and difficult to change).”

2. imbed sb: to send a journalist, photographer to a war zone → travel w the army & report what’s happening

• “imbedded reporters in the war zone”

inflame

inflamed

1. to cause strong feelings (esp anger/excitement) in a person

• “His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country.”

2. to make a situation worse

• “The situation was further inflamed by the arrival of the security forces.”

inflamed

(body part) red, painful & hot cuz of infection/injury

• “an inflamed and swollen finger”

bishop

a senior priest → work at a Church « archbishop

• “the Bishop of Oxford”

hypertension

hypertensive

blood pressure higher than normal

overlord

(past) a person who has power over many others

• “feudal overlords”

megacity

very large city w >10m ppl

half-baked

not well planned/considered

• “a half-baked idea”

ultrasound

1. sound that is higher than hear

2. siêu âm

subconscious

(the/ur) subconscious

subconsciously

feelings that influence ur behaviour → u r not aware of them

• “subconscious desires”

suburb

suburban

suburbanite

suburbia

an area that’s outside the centre of a city

extrasolar

(planet) located outside our solar system

extramarital

happening outside marriage

• “an extramarital affair”

superscript

superscript

(letters/numbers/symbols) written/printed above the normal line of writing/printing >< subscript

superimpose

superimposition

1. superimpose sth (on/onto sth): to put 1 image on top of another → seen combined

• “A diagram of the new road layout was superimposed on a map of the city.”

superimposition (of sth) (on/onto sth)

impose

imposition

1. to introduce a new law to order that a rule, punishment, etc, be used

• impose sth on/upon sth/sb: “A new tax was imposed on fuel.”

2. to force sb/sth to deal with sth difficult

• impose sth on/upon sb/sth: “This system imposes additional financial burdens on many ppl.”

3. impose sth (on/upon sb): to make sb accept the same opinions, wishes, etc. as ur own

• “She didn't want to impose her values on her fam.”

4. to expect sb to do sth for u → it may not be convenient for them

• impose on/upon sb/sth: “Everyone imposes on Dave's good nature.”

• “‘U must stay for lunch.’ ‘Well, thanks, but I don’t want to impose…’”

5. impose urself (on/upon sb sth): to make sb sth accept/know ur presence/ideas

• “European civilization was the first to impose itself across the whole world.”

transnational

existing in/involving diff countries

• “transnational corporations”

anteroom

antechamber

a room where ppl can wait b4 entering a larger room (esp public building)

natal

> place/time when sb was born

“her natal home”

antenatal

> medical care given to pregnant women

• “an antenatal clinic”

postnatal

> after the birth of a child

• “postnatal care”

foreword

a short introduction at the beginning of a book (usu by a person other than the author)

• “He was asked if he would consider writing a foreword for her book.”

lateral

laterally

lateral

> the side of sth/movement to the side

• “lateral eye movements”

lateral thinking

using imagination to find new ways of looking at a problem → solving it

unilateral

bilateral

multilateral

trilateral

(action/decision) done by only 1 person wo the agreement of others

• “They had campaigned vigorously for unilateral nuclear disarmament (= when 1 country gets rid of its nuclear weapons wo waiting for other countries to do the same).

polyphonic

polyphony

(music piece) consisting of several diff patterns of musical notes sung tgt

polyphony = counterpoint

omnipresent

omnipresence

present everywhere

• “These days the media r omnipresent.”

omniscience

omniscient

> knowing everything

• “I make no claim to omniscience.”

retroactive

retrospective

(new law/decision) intended to take effect from a date in the past rather than the present date

retroflex

1. (body part) turned backwards

2. (speech sound) produced w the end of the tongue turned up against the hard palate

telecommute

telework

telecommuter

teleworker

telecommuting

teleworking

to work from home using the internet

under the microscope

examining, analysing sth in great detail

• “In the play, love and marriage r put under the microscope.”

microchip

to put a microchip under an animal’s skin → identify it

• “Our dog has been microchipped & vaccinated against rabies.”

emerge

emergence

1. to move out of/away from sh & become seen

• emerge from sth: “She finally emerged from her room at noon.”

• emerge into sth: “We emerged into bright sunlight.

2. (facts, ideas, etc.) to become known = transpire

• “More research is needed, but already a pattern has emerged.”

• emerge from sth: “A clear picture emerges from this complex set of data.”

• it emerges that: “It emerged that the company was going to be sold.”

• emerge as sth: “He emerged as a key figure in the campaign.”

3. emerge (from sth): to survive a difficult situation

• “She emerged from the scandal with her reputation intact.”

submerge

1. bị nhấm chìm

2. to hide ideas, feelings, etc. completely

• “Doubts that had been submerged in her mind suddenly resurfaced.”

quibble

quibble

quibble (abt/over sth): to argue/complain abt a small detail

• “It isn't worth quibbling over such a small amount.”

perpetual

perpetually

1. = continuous = continual (annoying)

• “the perpetual noise of traffic”

• “How can I work w these perpetual interruptions?”

2. (job, position) lasting for the whole of sb’s life

• “He was elected perpetual president.”

a skeleton in the cupboard/closet

sth shocking, embarrassing, etc. that u want to keep a secret

bandwagon

an activity that more & more ppl r becoming involved in

• “The World Cup bandwagon is starting to roll.”

climb/jump on the bandwagon

to join others in doing sth that is becoming fashionable → to become popular

• “politicians eager to jump on the environmental bandwagon”

burn the candle at both ends

going to bed late & getting up early → become very tired

let the cat out of the bag

to tell a secret by mistake

• “I wanted it to be a surprise, but my sister let the cat out of the bag.”

hit the sack

to go to bed

• “I decided to hit the sack & have an early night.”

misguided

misguidedly

wrong cuz u understood/judged a situation badly = inappropriate

• “She only did it in a misguided attempt to help.”

(un)viable

viability

1. that can be done; that will be successful = feasible

• “a viable option/proposition”

2. capable of developing & surviving independently

• “viable organisms”

disambiguate

to show clearly the differences between >2 words, phrases, etc. which r similar in meaning