Anatomy & Physiology 1st Semester Review

movement, support, blood cell formation, protection, storage

what are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

long, short, irregular, flat

what are the four classifications of bones?

long

what classification of bone is the femur>

short

what classification of bone is the carpal bones?

irregular

what classification of bone is the vertebrae?

flat

what classification of bone is the sternum?

diaphysis

the long part of the bone, the middle

epiphysis

the ends of the bone

periosteum

the membrane that covers the diaphysis

endosteum

an internal membrane containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts

epiphysis

where is red bone marrow found?

diaphysis/medullary canal

where is yellow marrow found?

epiphyseal line

the remnant of the growth plate

osteon

foundational unit and network of canals in a bone

osteoblast

bone forming cell

osteoclast

bone breaking down cells

PTH/parathyroid hormone

what hormone controls osteoclast activation?

low Ca ions in the blood

what causes osteoclasts to be activated?

have to support the weight of the whole body

why are the bones in our lower limbs larger than in our upper limbs?

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

what is contained in red bone marrow?

blood cell formation

what is hematopoiesis?

closed fracture

bone that breaks, but not through the ski

open fracture

bone that breaks, and breaks through the skin

comminuted

If I jump off a building and shatter my tibia, what type of fracture do I have?

sarcomere

the smallest functional piece of a muscle cell, section of myofibril from z disc to z disc

aerobic respiration

the break down of glucose with the help of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

the break down of glucose without the help of oxygen

acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction

Sodium Potassium channels

what does acetylcholine open?

action potential

a positive electrical current that travels over the entire sarcolemma

Na, Ca, K

what chemicals are involved in the neuromuscular junction?

synapse

the gap between the sarcolemma and axon terminal

prime mover

the muscle with the main ability to move a limb

synergist

muscle(s) that assist the prime mover

antagonist

muscle(s) that resists the prime mover

deltoid

what muscle is the prime mover in abduction of the arm?

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

what muscles make up the erector spinae?

isometric

muscle contraction without shortening

isotonic

muscle contraction with shortening

muscle tone

tension in a muscle at rest

muscle strength

muscle’s ability to contract and create force in response to resistance

muscular hypertrophy

increasing muscle size and strength of fibers

muscular atrophy

muscle decreases in size and strength

wearing a cast, disease, wheelchair

what could cause muscular atrophy?

cell

the basic building block of all life

only allows certain things to pass through

what is the purpose of the semi-permeable cell membrane?

cytosol

the fluid within the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

what 3 things are in the nucleus?

chromosomes

what does chromatin turn into?

microvilli

these are located in the small intestine and absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

cilia

these occur in large numbers and sweep substances across the cell surface like in the respiratory tract

flagella

long tail which propels the cell

clenas the cell

what does the lysosome do?

nucleolus

where are ribosomes created?

make and store proteins

what does the Rough ER do?

make and store lipids

what does the smooth ER do?

center of cell respiration

why is the mitochondria the “powerhouse of the cell”?

oxygen and glucose

what does a cell need for cellular respiration?

osmosis

the diffusion of water

passive transport

the type of transport where particles move from high to low concentration

burst

what happens to hypotonic cells?

equilibrium

what is occuring in isotonic cells?

shrink

what happens to hypertonic cells?

filtration

what kind of diffusion do the kidneys do?

facilitated diffusion

how sugars diffuse through the cell with the help of proteins

golgi apparatus

what organelle has the function of packaging up vesicles of proteins and lipids for transport?

allows for more chemical reactions

why is increasing surface area in the body important?

epidermis

what is the outer layer of skin?

keratin

what substance hardens our skin and makes it waterproof?

5

how many layers of epidermis are there?

malignant melanoma

what is cancer of the melanocytes called?

melanin

a pigmented protein in our body

epidermis

what layer(s) does a first degree burn affect?

epidermis and dermis

what layer(s) does a 2nd degree burn affect?

3rd degree

what type of burn affects the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis?

protection, excrete waste, slow water loss, regulate body tem

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

axial

the skeleton that includes the middle part of your body, not limbs

appendicular

what skeleton is your limbs?

transverse

the term for a horizontal cut

sagittal

term for a cut down the midline (vertical)

distal

the term meaning farther away from the point of attachment

supine position

what is the anatomical position also called?

posterior

what is the anatomical term for the backside view of the body?

superficial

what word means closest to the surface/outside of the body?

thoracic

what cavity contains the heart and lungs?