cognition exam 2: lecture 12

mental imagery

our ability to imagine mental representations that aren’t currently present

false

true/false: mental imagery cannot occur for audition

true

true false: mental imagery takes place for every sense modality (vision, audition, touch, smell, pain)

visual imagery

our ability to imagine visual representations that are not currently present

true

true/false: there are thoughts that don’t involve visual images.

false

true/false: abstract concepts like justice, democracy, and verbal rehearsal are thoughts that involve visual imagery

abstract concepts, verbal rehearsal

what 2 thoughts are listed that do not involve visual images?

modal, amodal

the two types of cognitive representations:

modal representations

representations in the same modality as one of the senses (ex: phonological loop: acoustic representations)

amodal representations

representations not tied to any sense modality

amodal

pospositional networks are an example of (modal/amodal) representation.

proposition

a language-like structure that represents a simple fact (ex: the cat is on the mat).

propositional network

a graphical representation of a set of related propositions

a taxonomic hierarchy

what is one example of a propositional network?

true

true/false: transforming visual images takes as long as the corresponding change in actual visual objects.

false

true/false: making 3 changes in the visual representation of an object takes longer than making 1 change.

mental scanning

imagine a memorized picture, focus on one part, then asked about another part

focus condition, whole condition

what are the two conditions in Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment?

increased

Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment: RTs _______ as the “distance” in the visual image between focus point and property increased.

no change in RT

in Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment, what was the result of the whole condition?

focus point had the lowest RT, other end had the highest RT

in Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment, what was the result of the focus condition?

propositions

an alternative explanation for the results of Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment is that time to scan is a function of the number of _________ in a network.

Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser’s 1978 experiment

what experiment was designed to disprove the alternate theory to Kosslyn’s 1973 mental scanning experiment?

greater than

in Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser’s 1978 experiment, the distance from beach to rocks in the image was __________ than the same distance in a propositional network

mental scanning

in Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser’s 1978 experiment, did results support mental scanning or propositional networks?

spatial representations

there is strong evidence that visual imagery involves _______ _______.

propositional networks

what explanation of visual imagery does not suffice?

mental images

creating ______ ______ is a dramatic way to increase memory.

words, simple images, vivid images

what were the three types of materials in Standing’s 1973 memory experiment?

unusual or shocking

what is the difference between vivid images and simple images? vivid images are more ________.

a hat

what is NOT an example of a vivid image?

recognition

in Standing’s 1973 memory experiment, subjects were asked to perform what kind of test 2 days later?

better

memory for images is (better/worse) than memory for words

worse

memory for simple images is (better/worse) than memory for vivid images

picture superiority effect

memory for images (especially vivid ones) is substantially better than that for words

distinctiveness, elaborations that produce multiple codes

what are the two reasons that memory is better for pictures than words?

interfere

similar memory items _______ with one another during retrieval.

competition, interference

images have large amounts of details and are distinct, meaning there is less _________ between them, minimizing _________.

elaborations

_______ allow for retrieval via multiple cues.

verbal information

Paivio said that visual stimuli may be elaborated with ________ ________.

dual-coding hypothesis

Paivio said that visual stimuli may be elaborated with verbal information. what is this hypothesis called?

image, verbal/propositional code

according to the dual-coding hypothesis, what are the two ways pictures can be stored?

keyword technique

one associates foreign vocabulary to familiar English words and phrases. this memory improvement technique uses imagery and is called what?

true

true/false: the keyword technique uses imagery

Greece

the method of loci is attributed to a poet from what country?

method of loci

to-be-memorized items are associated with locations on a familiar path, then a new image now includes the item and the location

the more bizarre, the better

in the method of loci, what is the rule of thumb for the newly constructed image combining the location and the item?

method of loci

what concept is this an example of: “corn + bed = giant corn cob in bed”

concrete

the advantage of imagery is usually demonstrated with ________ materials.

images are easier to create

why are concrete materials normally used in imagery experiments?

concrete, abstract, imagery, verbal

what are the FOUR conditions in Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment?

concrete

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: what condition is fork-tape an example of?

abstract

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: what condition is sarcasm-deficit an example of?

imagery

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: what condition is “link the nouns with a mental image” an example of?

verbal

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: what condition is “link the nouns with a phrase” an example of?

improves

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: imagery ________ memory of concrete material.

hurts

Paivio & Foth’s 1970 memory experiment: imagery ______ memory of abstract material.

true

true/false: for abstract material, semantic elaboration leads to better memory.

false

true/false: for abstract material, visual imagery leads to better memory.

true

true/false: mental imagery can contribute to false memories

memory for faces

what is better: memory for pictures or memory for faces?

five

in 1975, Bahrick had Ss pick the former classmate from a group of ____ pictures.

90

in 1975, Bahrick found that people’s memory for faces from HS was ____% after 34 years.

70

in 1975, Bahrick found that people’s memory for faces from HS was ____% after 47 years.

recognizing rotated faces is more difficult

what is one piece of evidence that there are mental processes dedicated to facial memory?

upside down celebrity

what is harder to recognize: an upside down building or an upside down celebrity?

inverted recognition of images

what did Robert Yin test in 1969?

faces, houses, airplanes, stick figures

what four image types Robert Yin test in 1969?

faces

in 1969, Robert Yin found that all objects are harder to recognize inverted, but the deficit is especially dramatic for __________.

features

what are objects recognized by, which explains why they can be recognized inverted?

holistically

how are faces recognized (as opposed to objects)?

relations

in holistic recognition of faces, _____ are critical (ex: nose above mouth).

prosopagnosia

evidence that facial recognition is special: people suffering from what recognize objects but not faces?

newborns

evidence that facial recognition is special: _______ prefer to view faces.

fusiform gyrus

evidence that facial recognition is special: what area of the brain is active during face perception?

inverted recognition, prosopagnosia, newborns, fusiform gyrus

four pieces of evidence that facial recognition is unique:

spatial knowledge

part of semantic memory, has a hierarchal structure

hierarchical

spatial knowledge has what kind of structure (images have parts, which have subparts)?

spatial representations

visual imagery is based on __________ _________.

abstract material

when are visual images NOT more likely to be remembered

distortions

spatial knowledge is organized hierarchically, which leads to _________.