The Experience of Discrimination

What is the definition of 'sex' in gender-related terminology?

Biological status assigned at birth, e.g., Male or Female.

How is 'gender' defined in contrast to 'sex'?

Social, cultural, psychological, and behavioral attributes typically associated with sex.

What is 'gender identity'?

Internal sense of being male, female, somewhere in between, or not part of any gender category.

What does 'cisgender' refer to?

A person whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

How is 'transgender' defined?

A person whose assigned sex at birth incorrectly or incompletely describes their gender identity.

What is 'sexual orientation'?

The gender to whom one is attracted, e.g., Gay, Straight, Bisexual.

Define 'asexual'.

A person who does not experience sexual attraction.

What is 'sexism'?

A system of oppression that includes interpersonal, institutional, and cultural discrimination against women.

Explain 'anti-transgender prejudice'.

Prejudice against people who are transgender, including terms like Cisgenderism and Transphobia.

What does 'heterosexism' mean?

An ideological system that prescribes a norm of heterosexuality and denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes sexual-minority groups.

What is a 'gender belief system'?

Set of beliefs about gender roles, traits, and what is appropriate for men and women.

How do gender stereotypes influence perceptions?

They convey expectations about traits and roles for men and women.

What psychological impact does 'gender polarization' have?

The belief that what is masculine is not feminine and vice versa.

How widespread are gender-stereotypic beliefs?

These beliefs are universal and stable across age, geographic region, and time.

Are stereotypic beliefs about gender accurate at the group level or individual level?

They tend to be accurate at the group level but not necessarily at the individual level.

What trend has been observed in gender stereotypes over time?

An increase in ascribing communal traits to women relative to men, with women viewed as more competent.

What does the 'Women are Wonderful' effect signify?

The basic category 'woman' is viewed more positively than the basic category 'man'.

What is the discrimination-affection paradox?

Women are viewed positively but still experience discrimination.

What are subtypes of women and men?

Gender-associated subtypes identified by occupation, family roles, ideologies, and features.

What is 'modern sexism'?

Indirectly expresses negative attitudes toward women in non-traditional roles.

Differentiate between hostile and benevolent sexism.

Hostile sexism involves negative beliefs, while benevolent sexism rewards traditional women.

What is meant by the term 'glass ceiling'?

An invisible barrier preventing women from reaching the highest levels in professional jobs.

What is 'role congruity theory'?

Belief that women are less likely than men to succeed in leadership roles, affecting job seeking and evaluations.

What is the backlash effect in relation to women's roles?

Women exhibiting stereotypically male traits experience negative reactions like social rejection.

How do stereotypes affect career choices for girls and women?

Expectations about roles and jobs can limit their interest in fields like STEM.

What is hyper-masculinity?

Societal expectations for men to be strong, tough, and not feminine.

Define ageism.

Evaluative judgments about someone based on their advanced age.

What double standard exists in aging between genders?

Aging is seen to occur earlier for women and has more serious consequences for them than for men.

What is the 'forgetfulness stereotype'?

The belief that memory declines with age, leading to more serious views of forgetting when done by older adults.

What is the impact of age on self-perception?

Older adults often feel younger than their actual age.

How does ableism affect people with disabilities?

Prejudice and disregard for the needs of individuals with disabilities due to social obstacles.

What is the stigma of disability?

Negative attitudes and perceptions based on the visibility and nature of a disability.

What are the common experiences of discrimination faced by people with mental illness?

They often experience microaggressions and higher rates of discrimination.

Describe lookism.

Positive stereotypes, prejudice, and preferential treatment given to physically attractive people.

What psychological effects do weight bias and stigma have?

They can lead to depression, low self-esteem, eating disorders, and obesity.

What can reduce weight stigma?

Shifting focus from weight loss to weight-inclusive health approaches.

What does 'people-first language' refer to?

A manner of speaking that focuses on individuals rather than their social limitations.

What is the definition of 'disability' from a legal perspective?

A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

What does the 'attribution-value model' propose regarding weight bias?

Prejudice is directed toward groups with characteristics contrary to majority group values.

What are the consequences of self-stereotyping in older adults?

Higher levels of stereotype threat, loneliness, worse subjective health, and shorter life expectancy.

What is the common misconception about older adults and memory?

That forgetfulness in older adults is seen as more worrisome than in younger individuals.

What is a negative subtype of older adults?

Severely impaired, Shrew/curmudgeon, Despondent.

What are some positive subtypes of older adults?

Golden ager (active retiree), Perfect grandparent.

What defines the social consequences of weight bias?

Negative stereotypes leading to reduced self-worth and employment discrimination.

Sex is defined as __________ status assigned at birth.

Biological

__________ is the internal sense of being male, female, or non-binary.

Gender Identity

A person whose gender identity matches their assigned sex at birth is called __________.

Cisgender

The term for prejudice against people who are transgender is __________.

Anti-transgender Prejudice

__________ is the ideological system that prescribes a norm of heterosexuality.

Heterosexism

The belief system about the traits and roles men and women should possess is known as __________.

Gender Belief System

Women experiencing positivity in perception but facing discrimination is explained by the __________ paradox.

Discrimination-Affection

The tendency to center society around men is known as __________.

Androcentrism

Gender-stereotypic traits are __________ and stable across various demographics.

Universal

The __________ effect refers to women being viewed positively as a category compared to men.

"Women are Wonderful"

Women facing a double bind in professional roles often have to manage __________ expectations.

Conflicting

__________ is defined as prejudice against or disregard for the needs of people with disabilities.

Ableism

The stereotype that memory declines with age is known as the __________ stereotype.

Forgetfulness

Older individuals are often categorized by the __________ Content Model, which states they are viewed as warm but incompetent.

Stereotype

__________ sexism rewards traditional women while punishing nontraditional women.

Benevolent

Negative attitudes toward people who are gay are classified as __________.

Sexual Prejudice

The experience of discrimination is often compounded for individuals who face __________ discrimination.

Intersectional

The belief that men should occupy positions of authority is a manifestation of __________.

Gender Stereotyping

Discrimination based on age, especially against older individuals, is termed __________.

Ageism

The phenomenon of older adults being perceived as less competent but more caring is known as __________ ageism.

Benevolent

Patronizing speech directed toward older adults is referred to as __________ speech.

Elderspeak

The systematic subordination of younger people is defined as __________.

Adultism

Women in the workplace often face a __________ ceiling that limits their advancement.

Glass

The belief that older adults are in need of care is an example of __________ ageism.

Benevolent

Individuals with disabilities often face __________, which limits their opportunities.

Employment Discrimination

Physical attractiveness can lead to a bias called __________, which relates to preferential treatment for good looks.

Lookism

Taller individuals often experience advantages in various societal aspects, termed __________ benefits.

Height

Weight stigma refers to discrimination based on a person's __________ weight.

Excess

People perceived as overweight are often seen as lazy, which is an example of __________ bias.

Weight

Beliefs about mental illness often lead to perceived __________ toward individuals experiencing such conditions.

Danger

Discrimination against individuals based on their mental illness can lead to __________ seeking treatment.

Barriers to

The two types of anxiety experienced by those without disabilities when interacting with disabled individuals are __________ anxiety and existential anxiety.

Aesthetic

The tendency to infantilize people with disabilities leads to __________ in interactions.

Patronizing behavior

Youth are often subjected to stereotypes based on __________, affecting their self-image and opportunities.

Age

The __________ model explains how disapproval of certain groups arises from conflicting majority values.

Attribution-Value

When weight is seen as controllable, people experience high levels of __________ toward overweight individuals.

Prejudice

_____________ is a term used to describe the systematic discrimination against older individuals in media portrayals.

Underrepresentation

Expectations regarding women in leadership roles often create a __________ for them in the workplace.

Double Bind

__________ theory posits that women may be penalized for exhibiting masculine traits in professional settings.

Role Congruity

In the context of gender stereotypes, __________ traits are associated with men, while communal traits are associated with women.

Agentic

Research suggests that __________ in attitudes towards women’s rights are shifting toward less traditional views.

Beliefs

Older adults often feel __________ than their actual chronological age.

Younger

The significant employment disadvantage faced by disabled individuals includes a higher __________ rate.

Poverty

The societal perception that physically attractive individuals will be more successful is an example of __________ benefits.

Lookism

Discrimination against __________ people often stems from societal misconceptions and stereotypes.

Transgender

Microaggressions against those with disabilities are often rooted in __________ misunderstandings.

Cultural

Sex

Biological status assigned at birth (e.g., Male, Female).

Gender

Social, cultural, psychological, and behavioral attributes typically associated with sex (e.g., Masculine, Feminine).

Gender Identity

Internal sense of being male, female, or somewhere in between, or not part of any gender category (e.g., Man, Woman, Nonbinary).

Cisgender

A person whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

Transgender

A person whose assigned sex at birth incorrectly describes their gender identity.

Sexual Orientation

The gender to whom one is attracted (e.g., Gay, Straight, Bisexual).

Asexual

A person who does not experience sexual attraction.

Sexism

A system of oppression with discrimination against women.

Heterosexism

An ideological system that prescribes a norm of heterosexuality and stigmatizes sexual-minority groups.

Gender Belief System

A set of beliefs about the traits and roles that men and women should possess.