HVIII Foreign Policy

Renewal of Treaty of Etaples

1510

Creation of Holy League

1511

What was the Holy League?

An anti-French alliance between Spain, Venice, HRE, England and Switzerland in order to drive France out of Milan

1512 - foreign policy overview

*Parliament met and granted Henry the money to fight France.
*Government sent an expedition to help the Spanish. The Spanish didn't help England. Ferdinand used English troops to distract France and take Navre.

Henry's navy defeated at Brest, France.

1513

What year is the Battle of the Spurs?

1513

What was the Battle of the Spurs?

Wolsey managed to organise 30,000 men (equipped) to send to a Calais.

What were the successes of the Battle of the Spurs?

*Therouanne and Tournai captured.
*Henry achieved military glory.

What were the failures of the Battle of the Spurs?

*Thouranne and Tournai were kept at a high cost.
*Little fighting was actually done.
*The towns weren't deep into France.
*David Starkey estimated approx £1-2 million spent.

What year was the Battle of Flodden?

1513

What was the Battle of Flodden?

James IV of Scotland took advantage of Henry being in France and decided to invade. Catherine was in charge and sent the Earl of Surrey with an army.

What were the successes of the Battle of Flodden?

*Death of James IV and over 10,000 Scottish subjects killed including nobles.
*Henry's sister Margaret acted as regent as her son, James was still young. Keeping English interests in Scotland.

What were the failures of the Battle of Flodden?

It wasn't Henry's victory so he could not claim glory for himself.

When was the Anglo-French Treaty

1514

What was the Anglo-French Treaty?

*The war with France was expensive and Henry was under pressure from his ministers to seek peace.
*Both Ferdinand and Maximillian had made peace and Henry was fighting alone.
* The Pope favoured peace so Henry had no choice

What were the successes of the Anglo-French Treaty?

*Henry kept Tournai.
*Received a pension.

What were the failures of the Anglo-French Treaty?

*Had to stop making attempts to claim the French Throne.

When did Louis XII die?

1515

Who succeeded Louis XII?

Francis I

The details of the treaty signed with Ferdinand and the agreement with Maximillian

England would pay for Swiss mercenaries to be led by Maximillian to liberate Milan. However, he was betrayed by Maximillian.

How did England lose influence in Scotland?

Due to the Duke of Albany as he replaced Margaret.

When did Ferdinand die?

1516

What treaty did Charles sign and who with?

The Treaty of Noyon with Francis. (it left England feeling isolated)

Who succeeded Ferdinand?

Charles of Habsburg

What year was Princess Mary born?

1516

When was the Peace of Cambrai?

1517

Who was the Peace of Cambrai signed with?
What was it about?

France, Spain and Holy Roman Empire
Crusade on the Turks

How did the Peace of Cambrai effect England?

Left it isolated and could no longer get support from the HRE.

When was Henry the Arbiter of Europe?

1518-1520

What year was the Treaty of London?

1518

What was the Treaty of London?

The Treaty of London was when Wolsey hijacked the Pope's crusade against the Ottoman Turks. Rulers of Europe signed the treaty.

What did the Treaty of London entail?

The treaty granted non-aggression between the powers and collective security.

When was the Anglo-French Treaty signed?

Two days after the Treaty of London.

What were the successes of the Anglo-French Treaty 1518?

*Henry and Wolsey both got pensions from France.
*French influence in Scotland was to be limited.
*Mary to marry eldest son.

What were the failures of the Anglo-French Treaty 1518?

Tournai was given back

What year did the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximillian, die?

1519

What was the significance of the death of Maximillian?

There was a power vacuum the two candidates were Charles of Burgundy and Francis I. Charles won votes

What year was the Field of Cloth of Gold?

1520

What was the Field of Cloth of Gold?

Was set up to safe guard the Treaty of London. Meeting between Henry and Francis. It was intended to reduce hostility and secure friendship and secure peace. 3,000 nobles were present from both France and England?

What were the successes of the Field of Cloth of Gold?

*He achieved international glory.
*It was cheaper than going to war.
*Made England look as if it were equal to France.

What were the failures of the Field of Cloth of Gold?

No agreement was made.
Charles V was not invited so it looked as if England was siding with France.

What year was Henry pronounced Defender of Faith?

1521

What was the Defender of Faith?

It was a titled awarded by Pope Leo X and it recognised Henry's defence of the Catholic Church as he published "Assertio Septum" in which he defended Papal Supremacy.

What were the successes of the Defender of Faith?

Gained support from papacy and international recognition and prestige.

What were the failures of the Defender of Faith?

Showed opposition to Martin Luther and the reform movement.

When was the Treaty of Windsor?

1522

What was the Treaty of Windsor?

England and HRE joint attack on France. The Treaty outlined an attack on France with each party providing 40,000 men. Charles agreed t compensate England for their loss from conflict and agreed to marry Mary.

What were the successes of the Treaty of Windsor?

Compensation from Charles V.
Alliance with HRE through marriage.

What were the failures of the Treaty of Windsor?

Charles let down his side of the treaty by not providing troops to help Henry.

When was the first failed Anglo-Spanish Invasion?

1522

What were the failures of the 1st Anglo-Spanish Invasion?

No territorial progress. no support from Charles. No hope and glory .

What year was the second failed Anglo-Spanish invasion?

1523

What happened during the Second Failed Anglo-Spanish invasion?

Duke of Bourbon rebelled against Francis. There was a potential for a large scale military assistance. A new treaty was signed with Charles = 11,000 english troops costing £400,000.

What were the failures of the Second Failed Anglo-Spanish invasion?

It was costly and nothing was gained from it. No troops sent from Spains and Henry was longer keeping the peace and the invasion failed.

Diplomatic Revolution

1525 - 1529

What year was the Battle of Pavia?

1525

What was the Battle of Pavia?

Henry had to pull out of being active in conflict, financial pressure meant he had to withdraw. Charles had a great victory at Pavia.

The French army was defeated and Charles had captured Francis I. Wolsey was sent to make an ambiguous offer to Charles; opportunity to invade France. The offer was that they invade France, then divide the land between Henry, Charles and Bourbon and Henry would be crowned King of France.

What were the failures at the Battle of Pavia?

Henry had no share in the success due to financial problems from the failed invasions. Charles rejected his offer.

What Year was the Amicable Grant?

1525

What was the Amicable Grant?

Taxes were imposed to raise money for war. It was an opportunity for glory. Wolsey sent commissioners to collect the money, forced loan= 1/3 income form clergy and laity. There was resistance so it was abandoned.

What were the failures of the Amicable Grant?

Charles rejected Henry's proposal and didn't make Henry King of France. England was still financially struggling and Wolsey was blamed.

When was the Treaty of More?

1525

What was the Treaty of More?

Negotiations with France, Henry gave up his claims to the French Throne. Francis was released from imprisonment.

Successes of the Treaty of More

Received an annual pensions of £20,000 from France.

Failures of the Treaty of More

Had to fund Francis' claims to Italy

When was the Sack of Rome?

1527

What was the Sack of Rome?

Following the League of Cognac, Charles took control of the papal heartland. He hired German Lutherans, who had not been paid and were angry, to attack churches, monasteries and the Pope's guars forcing the Pope out. Religious statement about their rejection to Papal authority.

Failures of the Sack of Rome

Bad for Wolsey and Henry as they allied with France= clear failure in foreign policy as Henry needed the Pope's support to annul his marriage.

When was the Treaty of Amiens?

1527

What was the Treaty of Amiens?

Temporary end to the hostilities between France and England. Wolsey followed an anti-habsburg policy and deveolped an alliance. Declared war on Charles 1529.

England agreed to pay for French attack and they stopped trade with the Netherlands to place economic pressure on Charles.

Successes of the Treaty of Amiens

Protected English privileges

Failures of the Treaty of Amiens

Cloth workers were not happy and tried to force Wolsey to abandon the policy and France was defeated by Charles.

When was the Treaty of Westminster?

1529

What was the Treaty of Westminster?

Full alliance with France. Francis or his son wanted to marry Mary.

Successes of the Treaty of Westminster

Henry entered the League of Cognac (anti-Habsburg league)

When was the Treaty of Cambrai?

1529

What was the Treaty of Cambrai?

It was to ensure that England was not excluded or isolated. Charles defeated Francis= Landrio, Francis had to agree to the terms of the Peace of Cambrai. Charles had control of Italy.

Successes of the Treaty of Cambrai

Henry no longer had to fund Francis' attack on Italy.

Failures of the Treaty of Cambrai

England was left isolated and Henry/England was not seen as equals to Francis or Charles. Ha had no invite to the negotiations and had no influence.

1530s context

Other European leaders were more concerned with the Ottoman Turks.

When was the Schmalkaldic league?

1532

What was the Schmalkaldic League?

League with Charles V, they (Henry and Cromwell) needed protestant allies. Nothing was agreed about a possible alliance against Hapsburg and France.

Failures of the Schmalkaldic League

Europe had a fluid movement and this hindered Cromwells search for an ally. Henry and his government had angered Charles over the divorce of Catherine. Nothing happened.

When was the Truce of Nice?

1538

Battle of Solway Moss

1542

Battle of Greenwich

1543

Rough Wooing

1543-1551