Chapter 13 WHAP

From the screen 💻 to the ring 💍 to the PEN 🖊️to the king 🤴 wheres my crown 👑

Chapter 13 Geography =

Chapter 13 Geography =

Chapter 13 focuses on the eastern hemisphere, in east asia, in China.

AP World HIstory Timeline =

The three periods are the Ancient, Classical, and Post Classical periods. Eas

What East Asain history should you know so far?

During Ancient China, the Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty were both centralized states. Centralized states have one head of state. During the Waring States period in China, or the Eight Regional Kingdoms War, China was decentralized, so there were many heads of state. The Waring States Period ended in China and the Qin Kingdom was the winner and established a centralized government in China again. The dynasties during the Classical China period were the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, which were also centralized. Then came the three kingdoms period in China. The three regional kingdoms in China were at war due to a conflict over who would centralize political power in China. Emperors were mandates of heaven, or they had the God-given right to rule. Then came the Postclassical period in China. They were the centralized Sui Dynasty, Tang dynasty, and Song dynasty.

What was life like in China after the fall of the Han Dynasty?

After the fall of the Han dynasty, the three regional kingdoms in China were at war due to a conflict over who would centralize political power in China. Emperors were mandates of heaven, or they had the God-given right to rule. Then came the Postclassical period in China. They were the centralized Sui Dynasty, Tang dynasty, and Song dynasty.

Who is Yang Jian and why is he important?

Yang Jian was an ambitious ruler of North China in the 6th century. He embarked on a series of military campaigns and wanted to centralize China under his rule. He established the Sui Dynasty, which lasted from 589 CE to 618 CE.

What is the Grand Canal? Who built it ? What was the purpose of it?

The Grand Canal was an artificial waterway, or a man made body of water. Its purpose was to allow passage of boast inland and to be used as irrigation systems. It was constructed during the Sui dynasty by the second emperor, Sui Yangdi. It facilitated trade between the North and the South of China and food grown in the south was more abundant so they transported the food up the Yangtze River Valley and into the north.

What are the causes of the fall of the Sui dynasty?

Internal problems caused the Sui dynasty to fall. Things such as the construction of the Grand Canal, which imposed high taxes and made people hostile, leading to rebellions against the leaders, conscriptions, or forced labor, also led to hostility and people rebelling against leaders. Korean campaigns, aka China vs Korea also caused conscription, or forced military labor. This caused rebellions against the Sui dynasty in 610CE and the emperor assassinated in 618 CE.

What is the Tang dynasty and how was it established?

The Tang dynasty is the second Post Classical Chinese state. It was founded by a rebel leader who seized the Sui dynasty’s capital and established the Tang dynasty in 618-907

Who is Tang Taizong and why is he important?

Tang Taizong was the second emperor of the Tang dynasty from 627 to 647 CE. He was a Confucian ruler. Confucian was a Classical Chinese political philosopher. Confucianism is the belief that governments should be morally run and possess educated rulers. Junzi (superior individuals) are important to the Tang dynasty. The dynasty flourishes and there is affordable food and a safe and stable government.

What are the three policies that allowed the Tang dynasty to flourish?

Transportation networks, the equal field system, and government bureaucracy based on merit all allowed the Tang dynasty to flourish.

What is the equal field system? What problems did it face?

The equal field system was a policy by the Tang dynasty’s government. iT divided the agricultural land and was based on the fertility of the land and the needs of the recipients. The purpose of it was the equally distribute land. The effects of the policy were that 1/5 of the land in China were passed down from generation to generation. However, it faced problems during the 8th century as population increased and so there was not enough land and wealthy families were being distributed more land because their goal was to take all of the available land.

What is the bureaucracy of merit?

The Tang dynasty had a government policy that that hired government workers based on their merit, such as education and qualification. They took the idea from Confucianism and the Junzi.

Was was mlitary expansion like in the Tang dynasty?

Soon after its foundation, the powerful and dynamic Tang state began to flex its military muscles. In the north, Tang forces brought Manchuria under imperial authority and forced the Silla kingdom in korea to acknowledge the emperor as overlord. To the south, Tang armies conquered the northern part of Vietnam. To the west they extended Tang authority almost as far as the Aral Sea and brought a portion of the high plateau of Tibet under Tang control. Territorially, the Tang empire ranks among the largest in Chinese history.

What are tributary relationships.

According to Chinese political theory, China was the Middle Kingdom, a powerful realm with the responsibility to bring order to subordinate lands through a system of tributary relationships. Neighboring lands and peoples would recognize Chinese emperors as their overlords. As tokens of their subordinate status, envoys from those states would regularly deliver gifts to the court of the Middle Kingdom and would perform the kowtow - a ritual prostration in which subordinates knelt before the emperor and touched their foreheads to the ground. In return, tributary states received confirmation of their authority as well as lavish gifts. Because Chinese authorities often had little real influence in these supposedly subordinate lands, there was always something of a fictional quality to the system. Nevertheless, it was extremely important throughout east Asia and central Asia because it institutionalized relations between China and neighboring lands, fostering trade and cultural exchange as well as diplomatic contacts.

What are the causes of the fall of the Tang dynasty?

Under able rulers such as Taizong, the Tang dynasty flourished. Durign the mid-eight centruy, however, casual and careless leadership brougth the dynasty to a crisis from which it never fully recovered. iN 755, whiel the emperor neglected pbulci affiarsi n favor of music and his favorite concubine, one of the dynasty’s foremost military commanders, An Lushan, mounted a reblelion and caputred the captial at Chang’an, as well as the secondary capital at Luoyang. His revolt was short-lived: in 757 a soldier murdered An LUshan, and by 763 Tang forces had suppressed his army and recovered their capitals. But the rebellion left the dynasty in a gravely weakened state. Tang commanders were unable to defeat rebellious forces by themselves, so they invited a nomadic Turkish people, the Uighurs, to bring an army into China. In return for their services, the Uighurs demanded the right to sack Chang’an and Luoyang after the expulsion of the rebels. The Tang imperial house never regained control of affairs after this crisis. The equal-field system deteriorated, and dwindling tax receipts failed to meet dynastic needs. Imperial armies were unable to resits the encroachments (invasion) of Turkish peoples in the late eight century. During the ninth century a series of rebellions devastated the Chinese countryside. One uprising, led by the military commander Huang Chao, embroiled much of eastern China for almost a decade from 875 to 884. Huang Choa’s revolt reflected and fueled popular discontent: he routinely pillaged the wealthy and distributed a portion of his plunder among the poor. In an effort to control the rebels, the Tang emperors granted progressively greater power and authority to regional military commanders, who gradually became the effective rulers of China. in 907 the last tang emperor abdicated (stood down) his throne, and the dynasty came to an end.

What was China like politically after the fall of the Tang dynasty?

After the fall of the Tang dynasty came the rise of warlord rule by Tang military officials. China became decentralized once again.

Who is Song Taizu and why is he important?

He was the first emperor of the Song dynasty. He had a career as a junior military officer of a warlord in North China. He was a good leader and had a reputation for being honest and effective. This allowed him to gain the respect of the troops and in 960 CE they proclaimed him emperor. Taizu and his troops subjected the warlords to Taizu’s authority. This led to the end of warlord rule and centralized China as the Song dynasty, which lasted from 960 to 1279CE.

How did Song Taizu treat his military?

He persuaded his military generals to retire and supervised them tightly to prevent any change of him being displaced.

How did Song Taizu treat his state officials?

His state officials were part of a bureaucracy, and he hired the bureaucrats based on merit. He rewarded the bureaucrats loyalty. He also expanded the bureaucracy based on merit. Their were also given increased salaries and he allowed bureaucrats to run the military.

What financial problems did the Song dynasty face?

Because of the increase in bureaucracy, more salaries needed to be given out, and the solution to paying those salaries was to implement an increase in taxes. Due to this, the imperial treasury faced financial pressure.

How did Chinese peasants react to the Song dynasty’s financial problem?

The peasants were aggravated because they had to pay more in taxes and due to this, in the early 12th century, the peasants launched two rebellions.

What military problems did the Song dynasty face?

Because the bureaucrats ran the military, there was bound to be problems. They had little military education and talent, which led to a weak military susceptible to attack from outside invasion.

What are the Hitan? Who are the Jurchen? How did they impact the Song dynasty?

Khitan were a group of semi nomadic people in North China, specifically Manchuria. They demanded and received tribute, or payment, from the Song dynasty in the form of silk and silver. The Jurchan were a group of nomadic peoples from North China. IN the 12th century, they conquered the Khitan and took over North China, capturing the Song dynasty’s capital. They established the Jin empire. This led to the Song dynasty moving capitals to the south in Hangzhou. They downsized into the southern Song dynasty.

What happened to the Song dynasty in 1279 CE?

The Mongols ended the Song dynasty and established the Mongol Empire in China, also known as the Yuan dynasty.

What are the causes of the fall of the Song dynasty?

They faced internal problems such as an increased in bureaucracy, which caused financial problems, leading to increased taxes, leading to peasant rebellions. They also faced military problems because bureaucrats were running it. External problems include the KHitan peoples who demanded tribute and the Jurchen people, who captured the Song capital, forcing the Song dynasty to retreat and become the Southern Song dynasty. The dynasty finally fell when the Mongols invaded in 1279 CE.

Why did Chinese armies venture in to Korea and Vietnam?

The Tang dynasty went on campaigns of imperial expansion. Imperial rule equals expansion. This had geographic political origins because during the Classical China period, the Qing and Hang dynasty were also under imperial rule.

What is the Silla dynasty and what happened to it in the 7th century?

The SIlla dynasty was the native Korean Peninsula state. During the 7th century, Tang armies conquered a large part of the Korean Peninsula. The effects of this was that while Silla was being conquested, its forces were unable to prevent invasion anymore, allowing China to win and the Koreans losing.

What political compromise did the Tang dynasty make with the Silla dynasty?

To avoid a long and expensive war, Chinese forces withdrew from the Korean Peninsula, however, with strings attached. The Silla kingdom agreed to recognize the Tang emperor as the overlord and started a tributary relationship

How did China’s tributary relationship with the Korean Peninsula impact the Korean state?

Silla kings were required to give gifts to Chinese emperors and were made to kowtow, or bow,. The kings were also gifted gifts from the Chinese emperors and their merchants were allowed to trade with China.

How did China influence korea in regards to education and religion?

They introduced the social Confucianism education system political bureaucracy, scholar bureaucrats, and parts of their culture, such as Chinese Buddhism, which the Koreans called Chan Buddhism. .

Despite their many Chinese influences, how did korea differ from China?

Korea’s political power differed from CHina’s. They had ruling classes, which were wealthy families, so they had no bureaucracy of merit.

What is Nam Viet and what did the Tang dynasty do thera?

Nam Viet is the chinese therm for Vietnam. Vietnamese people are viets. They Tang dynasty won control over vietnamese towns.

What did Vietnamese people adopt from China?

They adopted interactive elements such as Chinese agriculture methods (irrigation systems), socially influenced by Chinese schools and confucianism, and political elements, such as Chinese Administrative techniques.

What did Nam Viet do in the tenth century when the Tang dynasty fell?

The Viet population got their independence back and resisted later Chinese attempts to establish Imperial rule.

Despite their many CHinese influences, how did Nam Viet differ from China/

The Viets maintained their culture and indigenous religions. They had a matriarchy, a female dominated society where women dominated markets, while China had a patriarchy, where men dominated society.

In regards to their relationship with China how did Japan differ from Korea and Vietnam?

Japan was not invaded by China. China did not extend their imperial rule or conquest Japan.

Who were the earliest inhabitants of Japan?

The earliest inhabitants of Japan were nomadic peoples from northeast Asia (China) 35,000 years ago. They brought their language, culture, and religion with them. Migrants from the Korean Peninsula brought agriculture, iron, metallurgy, and horses with them.

What was early Japan like?

Early Japan was made of small regional states, meaning that Japan was decentralized. Aristocratic clans, or wealthy families, dominated the states. The states were also heavily influenced by the Chinese Sui and Tang dynasty, as if Japan wanted to be just like China.

What is the Nara period and what was it like?

The first early Japanese state was the Nara period. It was created by the Nara aristocratic clans, who had claimed imperial authority. The effects of their claim caused the emergence of the Nara state, which lasted from 710-794 CE. Politically, it was a centralized government with an emperor. Its capital was at Nara. The capital was a replica of the Tang dynasty’s capital. Economically, they had the equal field system and culturally, they followed Confuciansim and Buddhism.

Despite their influence from China, how did Japan differ in regards to religion?

Although the two countries were similar as Japan adopted Chinese Buddhism, which originated from India. They also had their own indigenous religions that originated from their own land. The religion as called the Shinto. It practiced veneration (giving respects) to their ancestors. They believed in nature spirits and deities, meaning that it was polytheistic.

What did the emperor of Japan do in 794 CE?

The Jpanese emperor transferred the imperial court from Nara to Heian. This caused the emergence of the Heian state.

How was Japan ruled politically in the Heian period?

Heian was the second classical Japanese state that lasted from 794-1185 CE. Idealy, their source of political authority was the emperor, but in reality, the emerpro rarely ruled as their main purpose was as a figurehead. The aristocratic clans held the real political power. The actual political poewr belonged to the Fujiwara Clan.

What is the Tale of Genji and why is it important?

The tale of Genji was a novel about Heian court life. The author wsa Murasaki Shikibu. It’s important becasue the atuhor was a woman and wrote in Japanese. As many people wrote in Chinese, and women didn’t have any formal Chinese education, women had to write in Japanese. The novel was one of the first recorded texts to be recorded in Japanese.

What are the causes of the decline of the Heian period?

Internal problems casued the decline of the Heian period. The equal field system failed. There was an internal problem between aristocratic clans on who would dominate the land, the Taira or Minamoto. Due to this, civil war breaks out and in1185 CE, the Minamoto clan wins and started the age of Medieval Japan.

What two periods make up medieval Japan?

The postclassical period is the same s the middle ages. The Kamakura period lasted from 1185-1333 CE during Medieval Japan. Then came the Muromachi period, which lasted from 1336 CE to 1573 CE.

Japanese history so far =

In Ancient Japan, migrants from northeast CHina and the Korean Peninsula came into Japan. Classical Japan consisted of the Nara period and the Heian Period. Postclassical AKA Medieval Japan was composed of the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.

What was Japan like politically in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods?

Japan developed a decentralized political order in which provincial lords wielded effective power and authority in local regions where they controlled land and economic affairs.

What is a samurai? What was their purpose in the social strucutre of medieval Japan?

A samurai was a professional warrior, a specialist in the use of force and the arts of fighting. They served the provincial lords of Japan, who relied on the samurai both to enforce their authority in their territories and extend their claims to other lands.

What role did feudalism play in medieval Japan?

In medieval Japan, in return for the samurai’s police and military services, provincial lords supported the samurai from the agricultural surplus and labor services of peasants working under their jurisdiction.

Why is the Tokugawa Shogunate important?

The Tokugawa Shogunate was important because it had a centralized government that ruled and unified all of Japan.