6.2.2 WHAP: Imperialism

1526-1857

Mughal Empire

1644-1911

Qing Dynasty

1757

Battle of Plassey

1839-1842

First Opium War

1850

Taiping Rebellion

1857

Sepoy Rebellion

1884-1885

Berlin Conference

1899-1902

South African War (Boer War)

1914-1918

World War I

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

The West

A group of highly developed countries; initially consisting of Western Europe (Britain, France, Germany, etc), later including the United States

Spanish Empire

1400s- Late 1900s. Made up of territories and colonies in Europe, Africa, and Asia controlled from Spain. At its strongest, it was one of the biggest empires in world history according to how much land they had, and one of the 1st global empires. Royalty from the Castile and Aragon kingdoms ruled it. Christopher Colombus led the first Spanish exploration trip which led them to colonizing America.

Portuguese Empire

took an early lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and established trading posts in West Africa, East Africa (Swahili City States) and India for spice trade

British Empire

What is now the United Kingdom and all the territories and colonies under its control; this empire consisted of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and vast portions of Africa

Indirect Rule

Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

Direct Rule

Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the mother country

Settlement Colony

Large groups of people from the parent country living together in a new place with the colonized people

Protectorate

A country that is technically independent but is actually under the control of another country.

Dominion

A nation (such as Canada) allowed to govern its own domestic affairs though technically tied to a mother country

Sphere of Influence

Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

White Man's Burden

Idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Quinine

An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics.

Maxim Gun

The first automatic machine gun. Was used to take over countries with lesser weapons. Could kill hundreds in one round.

Dr. David Livingstone

Best-known explorer and missionary who crisscrossed Africa and wrote about the people he met with sympathy. Opposed slave trade and opened Africa to Christianity and trade

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who hired Henry Stanley to explore the Congo River and arrange trade treaties with African leaders. He was the cause of other European countries rushing to colonize other African countries

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Berlin Conference

A meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa

Suez Canal

Man-made river dug across an isthmus in Egypt, designed by Frenchman, Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Zimbabwe and Zambia were originally named after him.

Beor War

1899 to 1902; British need land; put Afrikaners in concentration camps; British win and decide to unite whites of the country

Apartheid

A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Battle of Plassey

the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal

Cultural Divergence

Separation of beliefs in opposite directions; inability of groups to merge culturally

Thomas Babington Macaulay

British administrator who brought new school system, wrote "Minute on Education," stating that Indians need to be educated in the ways of the British Empire.

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian troops rebelled against British rulers due to the use of pig and cow grease on cartridges, which went against their Hindu and Muslim beliefs; Indians lost

British Raj

The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutiny) to the Independence of India.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Qing Dynasty

Also known as the Manchu Dynasty. Trade with Europe was controlled by them. They also tried to stop the flow of opium into china, and they ordered the foreign merchants to obey the Chinese laws. This eventually led to war. At about 1860, it appeared on the verge of collapse but still held on for a few more years.

Tributary System

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.

Kowtow

A former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

Balance of Trade

the difference between a country's total exports and total imports

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Treaty of Nanking

1842 agreement ending the Opium War between China and England and giving the English control of Hong Kong and regional ports, as well as awarding the British citizens extraterritoriality rights.

Extraterritoriality

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.

Taiping Rebellion

most devastating revolt in history. the leader, Hong Xiuquan called for an end to the Qing dynasty. and lasted for 14 years and between 20 million and 30 million chinese were killed.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Boxer Rebellion

a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.

Aborigine

The general named often used to describe the original inhabitants of Australia.

Maori

indigenous people of New Zealand

James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

Penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Terra Nullius

Land belonging to no one

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing a large portion of Indigenous peoples in Australia and New Zealand following European imperialism.