Information Systems

What has changed in the US for over half a century?

• problem solving

• provides insight to operations

• can make things happen faster

• using data to select strategy, options to pursue paths to follow with confidence

info system components

• hardware

• software

• data

• procedures

• people

on premise

IT infrastructure hardware and software applications that are hosted on site

evolution of data storage

• significant advancements in capacity, speed and accessibility

• on demand availability data storage/computer power

• free of direct active management

• shared resources achieve economies of scale

Cloud pros

• minimize up front IT infrastructure costs

• get apps up/running faster with improved manageability/ less maintenance

• enable rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating unpredictable demand

• manage firewalls intrusion identification and counteractive action frameworks and information stream inside the network

pay as you go model

• can lead to unexpected operating expenses if administrators are not familiarized with cloud pricing models

SaaS

• software as a service

• google docs, Gmail, basecamp, FreshBooks

• accessible via web browser

• priced on a pay per basis/subscription fee

PaaS

• platform as a service

• development and deployment environment

• ex. app engine, azure, force.com

IaaS

• infrastructure as a service

• ex. Rackspace, go grid, aws

• servers, storage, and networking

• common uses: business continuity, disaster recovery, big data

VPN

• virtual private network

• enhances privacy

• bypasses geo restrictions

• security on public wifi

• access blocked websites

• preventing ISP tracking

• secure file sharing

String

• str or text

• used for combination of any characters that appear on keyboard such as letter numbers and symbols

Character

• char

• used for single letter/number/symbol

integer

• int

• used for whole numbers

Float

• real

• used for numbers that contain decimal points or fractions

Boolean

• bool

• used where data is restricted

• true/false or yes/no

Qualitative

• nominal - set of values that don’t process a natural ordering ( cannot be measured through numerical units ( red, yellow, blue)

• ordinal - natural ordering (small , medium, large )

Quantitative

• discrete - integers or whole numbers

• continuous - fractional numbers

BLOB

• binary large object

• images, audio files, video clips

CLOB

• character large objects

• remains at native location and CLOB field is an address which references the location of the data

• books, medical record doc

API

• Application Programming Interface

• allows two applications to talk to eachother

Sentiment analysis

• determines whether the data is positive, negative or neutral

Evolution

• data reporting needs served

• tier 1- keep the doors open (support transactions and maintain operations)

• tier 2- know the past and current operations

• tier 3- combine internal/external data to provide insight to future options/probabilities and help set strategy

Using data to solve problems

1. full service staff taking orders/running foods/ collecting payment

   • much more control

   • everything goes smoother

   • better experience for customers

2. QR code where customers place order/make payment, staff only run food

setting strategy

• work smartly

• move forward w/ confidence

• develops trust for all parties

• IS tools help ensuring data captured is accurate for which to base decision

provide insight

• by #s

• when you have mastered #s you will find in fact no longer be reading #s anymore then you read books

• picture worth 1000 words

dashboard drive

• identify and remove clutter

• the more difference the harder to stand out

• use contrast to leverage difference and provide focus

employ visual order

• faster and cleaner for audience

good GUI

• self documenting

• minimize data and collect errors

• enhances overall understanding

dashboards

• a picture worth 1000 words

• gives instant meaning and insight to thousands of data points

• a visual display of data used to monitor conditions and or facilitate understanding

visualization

• best way to understand data is through visualization

• well-designed dashboard help convey data driven insight

• helps you to make informed decisions with confidences

• what gets measured gets moved

focus

• well designed dashboards focus on specific areas of business

• should be visually pleasing, logically organized, easy to drill down

• improves communication and data driven complexity

collaboration

• improves communication so everyone can understand and digest

• encourages collaboration

responsiveness

• identify issues and resolve more quickly so to get projects back on track

• able to identify a positive trend as they emerge and capitalize on them

benchmarking

• comparing own data to top performance

• helps you set reasonable goals so you can be a top student

• helps internal players strive to be in top tier

• common to mingle of external data and set benchmarks, asses standings against peer /top performers in industry

• supports goal of standard to be achieved/surprised

self-serving dashboards

• power or self-serving analysis

• data help motivate action in the right direction

• end user knows where they are and where they need to get

Graphically

• the ability to understand and present info in non text formats

• sketches, symbols

Technology

• think of it as having the ultimate data and reach security program

security

• always excessive until its not enough

into security

• protecting info systems from unauthorized access, distribution or destruction

confidentiality

• keeping data private

integrity

• making sure data is not altered

availability

• ensuring systems and ata are accessible when needed

IT risk

• operational - system failure, human error

• security - unauthorized access, hacking

• compliance - violating laws or regulations

• reputational - data breech leading to loss of trust

cybersecurity

• NIST - national institute of standards and technology

Annual risk assessment

• continuous review

• safegaurding the existance of the data, maintaining of the data and data integrity, definition of data, and appropriate use and access of data

Threats

• natural threats - floods, tornadoes

• unintentional threat - employee mistakenly accessing the wrong info

• intentional threats - spyway, malware, adware companies , actions of a disgrunted employee

Vulnerability

• developing weak points to develop strategy for quick response

• known weakness that can be exploited by attackers

managing threats

• team members stay informed

• cybersecurity

• preform regular threat assessments

• conduct penetration testing

• red- attackers/ hack infrastructure

• blue- defends against attacks

Ransome wave attacks

• cybercriminals employ advanced encryption and targeted strategies

• cripple organizations and lead to financial losses and dama

Spear phishing/smishing

• malicious email (phishing) or text message (smishing) sent to a person

• criminals already have name employment, title, email into about job

• criminal addresses victim by name and knows job role, involves making bank transfers on company

• go for a top people of company

email phishing

• theft scam

• theft emails / websites to trick people into giving people into

Angler Phishing

• tricking victim by using into the victim has posted on social media

Supply chain attacks

• compromise the entire supply chain by infatuating trusted vendors or suppliers

• insert malicious code or backdoors into software updates to users

• prevent through vendor vesting, regular security assessments

denial of service attacks

• text 2 data

• shutdown IP addresses

• company firewalls

social engineering

• cybercriminals employ sophisticated techniques and personalize into device individuals

• the abundance of personal data available on social media and online platforms makes these attackers more convincing

AI in cybersecurity

• criminals have these tools

Mobile malware

• targeting of mobile devices

• data breaches and identify theft

Data leak

• data locked where it’s not supposed to be

data breech

• info is accessed and extracted w out authorization

Access Management

• multi factor authentication- additional to password, user has private device response

• known device - warnings if account is accessed from unknown device

• role based access management - point of access = key to everything

characteristic of high-quality data

• accurate

• consistent

• unique

• complete timely

• complete

data governance

• like 3 branches of gov

• creation of rules

• execution of rules

• adjudication of violations

UI Health Alliance

• UIHC

• cedar rapids mercy care

• davenport genesis health

• west Burlington great river health

Prototyping

• experimental process where design teams and develops implement ideas into tangible firms from paper to digital

Graphical user interface (GUI)

• methods of user centered design are used to ensure that visual language introduced

Value and characteristics of good GUI

• methods centered design are used to ensure that visual language introduced in design is well tailored to tasks

• goal is to enhance efficiency and ease of use: usability

value and character of good GUI

• self-documenting

• minimal clicks

• enables clean data

• works well on any device

Aesthetically pleasing and clear

• provides visual appeal - meaningful contrast between screen elements, create elements, align screen elements and groups

• visually clean - visual elements, functions, metaphors, words and text

compatibility and configurable

• compatible to… user, task and job, product

• adopt users’ perspective -

  • easy personalization, configuration and reconfiguration of settings

  • enhance sense of control

comprehensive

• easy to understand and learn

consistency

• should look act and operate the same

• similar look, uses, operation

control and directiveness

• actions should result from expplicit user requests

• preformed quickly

• capable of interruption or termination

• context maintained must be from perspective of user direct ways to accomplish tasks

efficiency, familiarity, and predictability

• minimize hand and eye movements

• transitions flow easy

• good response time

• paths as short as possible

• eye movement obvious and sequential

• anticipate users wants and needs

• comply familiar concepts

• user should be able to anticipate natural progression

forgiveness and recovery

• tolerate and forgive common unavoidable errors

• provide constructive messages when errors occur

• ensure users never lose work bc of error

the invaluable SME

• good applications stem from good partnerships between the SME and developer

sampling

• useful in prototyping exploration

• useful in testing

databases

• systematic collection of data

• supports electronic storage /manipulation of data

• eases data management

relationship database

• relationships in forms of tables

NOSQL database “not only SQL”

• suited from semi structured or unstructured data

• useful for large volumes of raw data

object oriented databases (OODB)

• storage of all data types

• stored in the form of objects each object contains both data and methods that can operate on that data

SQL - structured query language

• commands to access and manipulate databases - stored in (RBDMS) relationship database management systems

• query language rather than the database itself

relational databases

• closely associated w SQL

• use tables to organize data

non relational databases

• some NOSQL also support SQL like querying or have their own query languages

SQL is a query language

• serves as a standard way to interact with databases

• can also be used in some non relational databases

• language used to instruct a database system on what operations to preform on the data stored within DB

data warehouse

• facilitate a single version of truth for a company for design making and forecasting

• contains historical commutative data from single or multiple sources

• simplifies the reporting and analysis process of the organization

Data lake

• centralized repository storing all structured and unstructured data at any scale

• can store data as is w out having to first structure data

• guides better decisions

• traditional data warehouse: stores data in files

• data lakes: stores data in flat architecture

• holds vast amount of raw data in its original form until needed

data mesh

• decentralization and data distribution of data ownership both at a technical and organizational level

transactional data base

• operational

• good to support good response time for realtime work flow

• optimized for running production systems

reporting database

• organized to support reporting needs

• offload report processing from transaction database

ETL Extract Transform Load

Step 1: Extract

• most manage data from many data sources use multiple data analytics

• before data can be moved to a new destination it must first be extracted from its source structured and unstructured data is important and consolidated into a single repository

Step 2: transform

• CLEANSE: resolve inconsistencies and missing values

• STANDARDIZE: apply formatting rules

• DE-DUPLICATE: discard redundant data

• VERIFY: remove unusable data flag anomalies

• SORT: organize data according to type

Step 3: Load

• load newly transformed data into new destination

• full loading : everything reloaded can grow exponentially if old not dropped

• incremental loading: only produces additional records if new and unique info is found

SQL (structured query language )

• commands to access and manipulate databases

• query’s to insert, delete, update, search, alter and more w database

• powerful language that can handle complex queries

Text vs numeric fields

• numeric fields should be enclosed in quotes

• SQL requires single quotes around text values (most will allow double quotes)

LIKE *

represents 0,1 or multiple characters

LIKE ?

• represents 1 single character

Programming basics

• to tell a computer to do something , program must be written to tell it exactly what to do and how to do it

Variable

• name, type, value

• used for calculations striving values and later in decisions and iteration

Synate ruled command statements

• structure of programming statements that direct action

• input, output, assign value

python programming language

• popular high-level general-purpose programming language

• designed for code readability

• “Patterns include” language due to its comprehensive standard library

programming in python

• capure- caputre start and end time the program ran takes to generate story by calls to determine datetime.now

• print - print at the end of run “time to generate story:x” where x is the difference between the start and stop time of story creation

• end - end with “the end” printed to terminal

network protocols

• rules that define how data is transmitted between devices on a network

• ensure communication and compatibility

• govern data exchange, security, and error handling