Test 1 Study Guide

The paleolithic revolution was triggered by the creation of

stone tools

paleolithic people began to move northeast in Asia because

the supply of big game was diminisging

one of the earliest sedentary communities in North America on the Mississippi River in Louisiana was founded

3,700 years ago

The best characterization of the transition form a nomadic existence to settled agricultural life for Archaic American Indians is that

the move from hunting and foraging to farming was slow and uneven

The first and possibly greatest feat of genetic engineering was the creation of

maize 7,000 years ago

the Anasazi of the Colorado Plateau began the

construction of trenches and homes about 2500 bp because they embraced corn cultivation

The accomplishments of the corn-growing Anasazi and Hohokam Indians become clear if we

consider the environmental challenges they overcame

The sedentary lifestyle of agricultural Indian tribes promoted higher birth rates because

infants weakened a hunting tribe’s mobility but offered more helping hands on the field

Scholars argue that the settlement of Cahokia first became unsustainable when

deforestation in the region led to erosion, flooding, and soil erosion.

Large mammals from Eurasia differed from those of the Americas in that Eurasian large mammals were

not hunted into extinction but became domesticated.

The growth of cities in West Africa was triggered by

the trans-Sahara trade.

Christendom in the fourteenth century stimulated a civilization far less consequential than those of

China or Islam at the time.

One characteristic of Vasco da Gama’s voyage was typical for European sailors at the time was that he

hugged the coastline and did not venture far across open water.

Christopher Columbus characterized the natives of San Salvador as

poor warriors who could easily be subdued.

When discussing the question of the terrible decimation of the Native American peoples after 1500,

your text concludes that most deaths resulted from European diseases.

Spain could no longer block English entry into the New World because of the

English destruction of the invading Spanish Armada

Merchant capitalists led the initiative to found English colonies in

North America.

The eventual success of the Virginia settlement depended largely upon the

cultivation of tobacco.

King James revoked the charter of the London Company in 1624 because

the colony continued to struggle to survive and failed to pay dividends.

The primary reason that the Pilgrims left England was

that they believed the Church of England was too corrupt to save.

The Puritan commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay was characterized

by practical democracy.

Roger Williams was prompted to leave Salem in the fall of 1635 when

due to economic pressure by the General Court, his congregation turned against him.

The religion of Maryland's colonists was partly Catholic, but

a large majority was Protestant.

The presence of settled colonies nearby contributed to the success of the colony of

Pennsylvania

Most Europeans considered the Native Americans to

be contemptible heathens

According to your text, the answer to the question, "What is an American?

is that Americans have an identity deeply rooted in their history, but still incomplete and evolving.

White women in the colonial Chesapeake region found it easy to

remarry if they were widowed.

The early experience of Jamestown in the Chesapeake taught the London Company that

a colony stood little chance at succeeding if its settlers were not allowed to own their own land.

Indentured servitude was much worse for women than it was for men because

women had their time of service extended if they became pregnant.

king James I objected to the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia because

he feared that smoking was an unhealthy habit for his subjects.

The principles of deism can best be described as

a reverence for God’s creation of the universe.

Black resistance to slavery rarely took the form of

organized slave rebellions.

By 1750, what distinguished North America’s English colonies from those of France, Spain, or the Netherlands was

that whereas nearly a million Europeans inhabited England’s colonies, those of France and Spain had attracted relatively few settlers.

A basic characteristic of the colonial family, especially in New England, was

family group that was both nuclear and patriarchal.

The Puritans justified laws requiring church attendance and establishing the death penalty for blaspheming a parent on the grounds that they were based on

government's role as a civil covenant designed to police and maintain social order.

The main evidence presented against the accused witches in Salem Village was

the raving testimony of young girls.

The New York printer whose trial for seditious libel became one of the most celebrated tests of freedom of the press in the history of journalism was

John Peter Zenger.

One of the few advantages a colonial governor had in conflicts with his colonial subjects was

his power to summon and dismiss the colonial assembly.

An accurate assessment of the role of the Privy Council in Britain’s mercantile economy might be that

the Council exercised its responsibility of annulling colonial laws without coherence or regularity.

There was a shortage of hard money in the colonies because the value of the consumer goods Americans bought from England exceeded

that of their exported goods and services.

George Whitefield's greatest contribution to the Great Awakening was

his ability to stir an audience emotionally by his oratory.

The best assessment of colonial religious culture on the eve of the Great Awakening was that

the colonists were far less religiously active than their ancestors had been.

The greatest source of trouble between the French in Canada and the British in New England was

the control of the fur trade.

William Pitt’s leadership impacted the broader trend of the Seven Years’ War because

Britain poured a lot more soldiers and money into North America, eventually defeating France there.

In governing their American empire after 1763, the new problem which faced the British was

greatly increased expenses of administering a far larger and more complex empire.

The significance of the Indian revolt under the leadership of Ottawa chief Pontiac was that

it convinced the British government to impose a new western policy.

American protests against the Stamp Act were so vehement because the

tax affected influential and articulate groups such as lawyers and newspaper editors.

Parliament passed the Declaratory Act because it

wanted to make sure that its repeal of the Stamp Act would not establish a precedent.

Parliament's main goal in the Tea Act of 1773 was to

aid the British East India Tea Company.

There so little evidence of Paleo Indian migrations along the North American Pacific coastline because

global warming raised the sea level of the Pacific Ocean, flooding migrant routes of the past.

Horses became extinct in the Americas as a result of

the hunting practices of the Clovis complex culture around 12,000 years ago.

In contrast to most Archaic Indian bands in North America,

the people at Poverty Point had a social structure that was hierarchical.

The transition from hunting and gathering to farming is known as the

Neolithic revolution.

Archeologists have been able to date the advance of corn by measuring

the size of ancient settlements.

The most populous of the Mississippian cultures was located near

present-day St. Louis, Missouri.

Archeologists can tell that Cahokian society was characterized by

sharp class divisions by studying the garbage and graves of Cahokia.

Gender tensions could have contributed to the increased conflicts between Indians by around AD 1300 because

the increased status of women in corn culture prompted men to reassert their dominance in warfare.

The collapse of Indian cities by AD 1500 impacted Native American cultures on the continent in that as

trade reduced to a trickle, native tribes found themselves more and more isolated.

Along with the domestication of cows, pigs, goats, and sheep in Eurasia came new

strains of viruses and bacteria.

Sleeping sickness and malaria fostered isolation from outside cultural influences in

tropical Africa.

The source of much unrest and turmoil in fifteenth century Europe was

overpopulation and scarcity.

When Columbus landed in America, the chief reason that he thought he had landed in "the Indies" was

his firm belief that he had sailed far enough westward to reach them.

Spain's American empire is best described as

trying to implant Spanish civilization and introduce Christianity, but also committing unprovoked aggression

One of the major reasons for the popular appeal of the Protestant Reformation was that

political figures could use its challenge to Rome's spiritual authority in order to increase their power

In arguing for royal assistance for English colonization, Richard Hakluyt stressed

the military advantages of building forts to threaten Spanish treasure fleets.

The London Company secured a charter to make

money.

Initially, the Powhatan Native Americans reacted to the Virginia colonists by

helping them survive.

Puritans objected to the Anglican interpretation of predestination because it

implied that a person's good conduct might cause God to change His mind and save a person.

The Mayflower Compact was an early example of the idea that a society should be

based on a set of rules chosen by its members.

Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts colony because

she claimed to regularly receive divine insights.

In the proprietary colony, the proprietor's income resulted primarily from annual rents from

lands granted to settlers.

French traders were most likely to see Indians as

essential trading partners.

A chief source of conflict between Europeans and Native Americans was

the European misunderstanding of the Native Americans' communal idea of land tenure.

The cultural chasm between Europeans and Indians was most evident in the area of warfare, because

Europeans fought in large groups to destroy their enemies whereas Indians fought more often to display their courage or avenge a wrong.

Until late in the eighteenth century, the Chesapeake Bay area was characterized by

a high death rate.

Land was notably cheap and in abundant supply in the

Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century.

An effect of indentured servitude on southern society was that

those with capital were doubly rewarded with land and labor for the price of labor alone

Slavery of blacks in the British colonies was firmly established by

laws in Virginia and Maryland as early as 1660.

The expansion of tobacco cultivation was an economic problem in Virginia by the end of the seventeenth century because

it led to a slump in prices.

What made Bacon’s Rebellion so dangerous to Virginia’s elite was that

it derived its strength from the solidarity of poor English settlers, servants, and slaves.

Formal education for average children in the southern colonies was

almost nonexistent in their rural society.

Colonists in the Middle Colonies were connected to the slave regimes of the Caribbean by

Mid-Atlantic wheat farmers typically exporting their crop to the Caribbean where it fed the slave populations.

Colonial women generally, and New England women in particular, were seen by men as

primarily mothers and wives.

A proper assessment of the living conditions for women in colonial New England might be that

they were mothers, but they also were in charge of household production.

The driving force of the colonial New England economy was

maritime trade and those engaged in it.

Because of their ethnic and religious heterogeneity, the colonies which possessed traits that later would be seen as distinctly "American" were the

Middle Colonies.

Colonial legislatures exercised power over colonial governors by

withholding their salary

In the 1680s, James II tried to unify royal control of the northern colonies by

creating the Dominion of New England.

The most successful colonies within the economic system of mercantilism were in the

region of the Caribbean islands.

The restrictions of English mercantilism on the colonial economies were greatly lessened by

governmental inefficiency.

The argument by John Locke that had particular appeal to American colonists was that

a man’s personal property was the bulwark of his freedom.

The larger consequence of the Great Awakening in the colonies is that it

produced increasing religious intolerance.

All of the first three colonial wars (King William's, Queen Anne's, and King George's arose over essentially European issues and involved

relatively little colonial participation.

The British victory in the French and Indian War was due largely to

British soldiers financed by the British government.

The major purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was

to check colonial expansion across the Appalachians.

An accurate description of the concept of virtual representation would be

that all members of Parliament stood for the interests of the entire empire.

The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766 primarily because of

the pressure from British merchants who had been hurt by the American boycott.

The British understanding of the word "constitution" emphasized

the totality of laws, customs, and institutions developed over time.

The most important American objection to the Tea Act of 1773 was that it

seemed to be a trick to trap Americans into paying the Townshend duty on tea.