Chapter 6/7/8

Function of bone

Support, protection, movement, electrotype balance, Acid-base balance, Blood formation, Hormones secretion

Organic components of bone- which one reduces shattering by giving flexibility?

Cells and osteoid (ground substance and collagen fibers)

Inorganic components of bone- which makes the bone very hard?

Hydroxyapatite

Epiphyseal (growth) plate - what is it made of? what does it do? when does it ossify into the epiphyseal line?

It is made of hyaline cartilage. is to enable longitudinal growth of bones, allowing for an increase in bone length as an individual grows taller. ossify when you are 18-21 years old.

Bone remodeling- which cell build deposits new bone?

Osteoblasts

Which cell resorb (dissolve) old bone?

Osteoclasts

What effect does calcitonin have on bone tissue?

Bone deposition. lead to decreased in the breakdown of bone

Parathyroid hormone

Bone resorption. regulation of calcium/hormones. increased of bone breakdown

Order the steps of fracture repair

1. Hematoma formation

2. Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

3. Bony Callus Formation

4. Bone Remodeling

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency. Osteomalacia in children. bowed legs.

Osteopenia

reduction in bone mineral density that is lower than normal but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. It represents a decrease in bone density without significant alterations in bone structure.

Osteoporosis

group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposition. fragile. bone mass decreases as bones become porous/light. post menopasual woman, >65 years women

Relationship btw mobility and stability of joints

More mobile = less stable

More stable = less moblie

Which type of bone is classified by location, not shape?

sesamoid

Axial skeleton

The skull, the vertebral column, the thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral girdle, pelvic gridle, upper limb, and lower limb

Cranial bone

enclose/protect the brain and contain attachments sites for muscles of the head and neck

facial bone

Framework of the face; contain cavities for visual, gustatory, and olfactory structures; provide openings for air/food passage; secure teeth; anchor facial muscles.

Ribs- differentiate true vs false

true ribs 1-7, false ribs 8-12, floating ribs 11,12

Bones of the pelvic girdle

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Bones of pectoral girdle

Scapulae and clavicles

Identify male vs female pelvis

• Women- the opening is larger & less obstructed. The pubic arch is U-shaped.

• Men- The opening is smaller and more obscured. The pubic arch is v-shaped.

What kind if cartilage is attached to the ribs?

Costal cartilage

Which kind is found in synovial joint?

Articular cartilage

What kind is found in intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

Bursitis

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction

Sprain (ligament)

ligament reinforcing a joint are stretched/torn

• Ligaments can be sewn together

• Ligaments can be replaced with a graft

• Immobilization and time to heal

Osteoarthritis

The most common type, slow irreversible but controllable, results from yrs of joint wear/tear, Articular cart softens & degenerates, crunching sound (crepitus), bone spurs develop

Rheumatoid

2nd most common type, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, pannus is formed, which can later be ankylosis.

• Treatment - pain meds, anti-inflammory drugs, and immunosuppressant

Angular movement - which brings two bones closer together? Farther apart?

• Flexion/adduction brings the bones together

• Extension/abduction brings the bone farther apart.

Fibrous

Joined only by dense connective tissue

Cartilaginous

joined by cartilage

Synarthroses

immovable

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable

Diarthroses

freely movable