history

Militarism

Militarism

this is all to do with the army, navy and weapons. Nations were afraid of each other and wanted to be able to defend themselves, Therefore, they built up huge armed forces. There was a race between Germany and Britain to build the greatest armies and navies. By 1914, many countries were ready to fight.

Alliances

This means friendship groups. Countries formed friendship groups because they wanted to make sure that they were strong and safe. Russia, great Britain and France formed the Triples Entente and Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. This has actually encouraged nations to be more aggressive because they knew that they could rely on help when needed.

Imperialism

This means countries wanted to have Empires; they wanted to conquer and rule over other countries. Some European countries had more colonies than others. This caused lots of jealousy and anxiety

Nationalism

This means a love for your country. There were some countries which we thought that they were better than others. They wanted to be the best. This therefore caused rivalry and hatred between countries.

democracy

a way of governing which depends on the will of the people

dictatorship

form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations.

armistice

A state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms

league of nations

An international organisation formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

the big 4

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. 4 powers who met at Versailles to discuss peace

War Guilt Clause

in treaty of Versailles; declared Germany and Austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers

reparations

Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations

the fourteen points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organising post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

self determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

mandates

A nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations

when did Adolf Hitler become Chancellor of Germany

in 1933. He had aggressive and ambitious foreign policy aims.

britain…

… initially pursued a policy of appeasement, seeking to give Hitler some of what he wanted in order to preserve peace.

when hitler…

broke the agreement made at the Munich Conference, it became clear appeasement had failed, and war broke out following the invasion of Poland in September 1939.

the WSPU militants

………. started a new tactics of breaking windows and refusing to pay fines so they could be sent to prison. The government refused to treat them as political prisoners and instead, they were treated as ordinary criminals. This included not being allowed to speak and having to empty their chamber pots (where they went to the toilet during the night) each morning. The government wanted to frighten and humiliate suffragettes, so they would not use this tactic. They did not want to encourage other groups looking for reforms to try the same tactics or to recognise the suffragette tactics as political protest.

World War I

July 28, 1914 – November 11, 1918

World War II

September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945

When war broke out in 1914, the USA stayed out of it as part of a policy known as….

isolationism

In 1922, Harding introduced the Fordney- McCumber Tariff Act which imposed a tax on goods from foreign countries. This made foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods, and so this encouraged Americans to buy American goods only. The name for this policy was….

protectionism

The growth of the motor industry was a massive boost for the US economy. Car production used 20% of America's steel, 65% of its leather and over 75% of its rubber and glass. More jobs were created. Industries started to use the assembly line to produce items quickly. This became known as ……..

mass production

who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir to the Austria - Hungarian throne

in what year did Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie travel to Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had been annexed by Austria-Hungary—for a state visit.

on June 28th, 1914

who is Gavrilo Princip

a Bosnian student who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

how did Archduke Franz Ferdinand die

he was shot in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip

why did Gavrilo Princip kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand

to free Bosnia and Herzegovina from Austria - Hungarian rule

how did the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand trigger world war I

because of his assassination, Austria-Hungary was furious and, with Germany’s support, declared war on Serbia on July 28. and Within days, Germany declared war on Russia (Serbia’s ally) and invaded France via Belgium, which then caused Britain to declare war on Germany.

which country was blamed for the start of World War I

Germany

how did Germany cause world war I

Germany's rulers made possible a Balkan war by urging Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia. Without German backing it is unlikely that Austria-Hungary would have acted so drastically. They were also blamed for because they caused most damage in the war.

treaty of versailles

signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, it formally ended World War I. The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies.

why did world war II start

The treaty of versailles punished Germany too harshly, causing them to lose a large amount of money, lose territory and give up all overseas colonies. The German economy collapsed and the people suffered. Because of these factors, Germans became loyal to Adolf Hitler. To gain more land and power, on 1 September 1939 German troops invaded Poland. After Hitler refused to stop the invasion, Britain and France declared war on Germany - world war 2 had begun

who were the Axis Powers

Germany, Italy and Japan

By early 1944…..

Soviet troops were advancing into Eastern Europe toward Germany

On June 6, 1944….

ships ferried 156,000 Allied troops across the English Channel to the beaches of Normandy. This was the invasion of France

In 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met for the Yalta Conference.

Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan after Germany’s surrender. They agreed to split Germany into four zones governed by the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.

turning points of World War II

• Germany Invades Poland. September 1, 1939, the start of the War

• Battle of Britain.

• Japan Attacks Pearl Harbour.

• Battle of Midway.

• Battle of the Bulge.

• Nazi Germany Surrenders.

• Japan Surrenders.

Battle of Britain

a major air campaign fought largely over southern England in the summer and autumn of 1940. After the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk and the Fall of France, Germany planned to gain air superiority in preparation for an invasion of Great Britain.

How did the Allies begin to push back the Axis Powers

By 1942, the Allies were in trouble. Germany was bombing Britain relentlessly, German forces had pushed far into the Soviet Union, and the Japanese were advancing in the Pacific. However, through extraordinary efforts and a few key victories, the tide of the war began to turn. American forces battered the Japanese navy, and the Germans were defeated at Stalingrad and in North Africa.

Japan attacks Pearl Harbour

Japan intended the attack as a preventive action. Its aim was to prevent the United States Pacific Fleet from interfering with its planned military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and those of the United States.

Battle of Midway

This critical US victory stopped the growth of Japan in the Pacific and put the United States in a position to begin shrinking the Japanese empire through a years-long series of island-hopping invasions and several even larger naval battles.

Battle of the Bulge

The Allies won the …………… resulting in significantly higher casualties on the German side despite their surprise attack on Allied forces. Losing 120,000 people and military supplies, German forces were dealt an irreparable blow, while Allied forces suffered only 75,000 casualties.

Nazi Party Surrenders

With the death of Adolf Hitler on April 30, 1945, Germany had no other recourse but to surrender, which took place on May 7. Four countries assumed administrative control of Germany: United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and France.

Hiroshima

The U.S. wanted to force a quick surrender by the Japanese to reduce the number of American lives lost. In addition, it was secretly decided at the Yalta Summit in February 1945 that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.

Japan Surrenders

Wednesday is the anniversary of the formal Sept. 2, 1945, surrender of …… to the United States, when documents were signed officially ending years of bloody fighting in a ceremony aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

who was John F Kennedy

an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

where and when did JFK’s assassination take place

on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, United States.

where exactly was he shot

President Kennedy was riding in an open-top convertible car as part of a motorcade through Dealey Plaza.

who shot JFK

Lee Harvey Oswald was accused of being the lone gunman who shot Kennedy. He was positioned at the sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository.

shots

Oswald allegedly fired three shots at Kennedy. The first shot missed, the second shot struck Kennedy in the back, and the third shot hit Kennedy in the head, causing a fatal injury.

conspiracy theories

suggesting the possibility of another shooter on the "grassy knoll" in front of the motorcade. Some popular theories include government involvement, the Mafia, or the CIA.

arrest and murder of LHO

Oswald was arrested on November 22, 1963, but two days later, while in police custody, he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner.

warren comission

Following the assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson established the …………, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, to investigate the assassination and determine the facts surrounding the event.

warren report

The Warren Commission’s findings, known as the ……….., concluded that Oswald acted alone in the assassination of Kennedy. However, the report did not fully dispel conspiracy theories.

economic boom

The 1920s witnessed a period of significant economic growth and prosperity in the United States. It was a time of industrial expansion, technological advancements, and increased consumer spending.

jazz age

The 1920s are often referred to as the "Jazz Age" due to the popularity of jazz music and the vibrant cultural scene that emerged around it. Jazz clubs, dance halls, and speakeasies became popular venues for entertainment.

prohibition

The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which went into effect in 1920, prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. However, it led to the rise of illegal drinking establishments known as speakeasies and organised crime associated with bootlegging.

womens suffrage

The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote. This marked a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement and increased women's political participation.

technological advancements

The Roaring Twenties saw significant advancements in technology, including widespread adoption of electricity, automobiles becoming more affordable and accessible, the proliferation of radios, and the introduction of motion pictures with synchronized sound (talkies).

stock market

The 1920s also experienced a period of speculative fervor in the stock market. Many people invested in stocks with the expectation of quick and substantial returns, leading to a stock market boom.

economic inequality

While the 1920s brought prosperity for many, it also saw a significant wealth gap. The benefits of the economic boom were not evenly distributed, and income inequality grew during this period.

stock market crash

The decade ended on a devastating note with the Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the start of the Great Depression. The crash marked the beginning of a severe economic downturn that had far-reaching consequences for the United States and the world.

economic impact was a cause for war in the 1930s

The Great Depression, which began with the Wall Street Crash in 1929, had severe economic consequences worldwide. The economic downturn led to high unemployment rates, poverty, and a decline in international trade.

political instabilities were a cause for war in the 1930s

The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression led to political instability in many countries. Governments struggled to address the economic challenges, and this created an environment conducive to the rise of extremist political ideologies.

rise of totalitarian regimes were a cause for war in the 1930s

During the 1930s, totalitarian regimes emerged in various countries, such as Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini, and militarist Japan. These regimes aimed to restore their countries' economic and political power and pursued aggressive expansionist policies.

nationalism and imperialism were a cause for war in the 1930s

Nationalistic sentiments, exacerbated by economic hardships, played a significant role in the lead-up to World War II. Countries sought to assert their dominance and expand their territories, leading to conflicts over resources and territories.

failure of league of nations was a cause for war in the 1930s

the League of Nations, established after World War I to prevent future conflicts, proved ineffective in resolving disputes and preventing aggression. The inability of international institutions to maintain peace and security contributed to the outbreak of war.