Mind Maps on Networking and Operating Systems Concepts

Distributed Applications

Programs running across multiple hosts for functionality.

Socket API

Interface for communication between applications and OS.

Network Protocols

Rules governing data transmission over networks.

Bandwidth

Maximum data transfer rate of a network connection.

Transmission Delay

Time taken for data to travel across a network.

Queuing Delay

Time packets spend waiting to be transmitted.

Processing Delay

Time taken to process a packet's header.

Round Trip Time (RTT)

Total time for a packet to travel to destination and back.

Nodal Delay

Delay at each node in a network path.

Throughput

Rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel.

Circuit Switching

Dedicated communication path established for duration of transmission.

Packet Switching

Data is sent in packets over shared network paths.

Multithreaded Process

Process that can execute multiple threads simultaneously.

Kernel

Core component of an operating system managing resources.

Preemptive Scheduling

Allocating CPU time slices to processes dynamically.

Application Layer

Layer responsible for user interface and application services.

Transport Layer

Layer providing end-to-end communication services.

Network Layer

Layer responsible for packet forwarding and routing.

Data Link Layer

Layer managing node-to-node data transfer.

Encapsulation

Wrapping data with protocol information at each layer.

Internet Protocol

Protocol for sending data across networks.

Fiber Optic Communication

Transmission of data as light pulses through fiber cables.

Physical Layer

First layer in the OSI model, transmits raw data.

Internet Protocol

Protocol for routing packets across networks.

Application Layer

Layer where applications interact with network services.

Transport Layer

Ensures reliable data transfer between hosts.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol, reliable stream-oriented protocol.

UDP

User Datagram Protocol, connectionless and faster than TCP.

Datagram

Basic unit of data in UDP communication.

Flow Control

Mechanism to prevent sender from overwhelming receiver.

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol, used for web communication.

HTTP Status Codes

Codes indicating the result of HTTP requests.

DNS

Domain Name System, translates domain names to IP addresses.

Iterative Query

DNS query where the client queries multiple servers.

Recursive Query

DNS query where the server resolves the name completely.

DNS Records

Data entries in DNS containing information about domains.

Encapsulation

Process of wrapping data with protocol information.

Session Layer

Manages sessions between applications for data exchange.

Presentation Layer

Formats data for the application layer, handles encryption.

Web Caching

Storing copies of web resources to improve access speed.

Conditional GET

HTTP request method to check if cached data is fresh.

Client-Server Architecture

Model where clients request services from centralized servers.

Peer-to-Peer Architecture

Model where each participant can act as both client and server.

Multiplexing

Combining multiple signals into one channel.

Demultiplexing

Separating combined signals back into original channels.

Source IP Address

Unique identifier for a device on a network.

Reliable Communication

Ensuring data is transmitted accurately and completely.

Reliable Data Transfer

Protocols ensuring data integrity over unreliable channels.

RTT (Round Trip Time)

Time taken for a signal to travel to destination and back.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Protocol for reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery.

Flow Control

Mechanism to control data transmission rate between sender and receiver.

Congestion Control

Techniques to prevent network congestion and manage traffic.

Input Port Queuing

Buffering incoming packets at the router's input port.

Output Port Queuing

Buffering packets waiting to be transmitted from output port.

Longest Prefix Matching

Routing technique to find the best match for IP addresses.

First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

Scheduling method where packets are processed in arrival order.

Priority Scheduling

Packet scheduling based on priority levels.

Generalized Round Robin

Fair scheduling method distributing time slices among packets.

IP Address

Unique identifier for a device on the Internet.

Subnet

Segment of a larger network, defined by a mask.

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

Largest packet size that can be transmitted over a network.

IPv4

Fourth version of Internet Protocol using 32-bit addresses.

IPv6

Sixth version of Internet Protocol using 128-bit addresses.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Protocol for dynamically assigning IP addresses to devices.

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Algorithm for finding the shortest paths in a graph.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

Link-state routing protocol for IP networks.

Distance Vector Algorithm

Routing algorithm based on distance and direction to reach destinations.

Distance Vector Algorithm

Routing protocol using distance metrics for paths.

Poisoned Reverse

Technique to prevent routing loops in networks.

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol for inter-domain routing.

Policy Based Routing

Routing decisions based on policies rather than metrics.

Hot Potato Routing

Routing method to minimize latency by offloading traffic.

Path Attributes

Characteristics of BGP routes influencing selection.

Tier 1 ASes

Networks providing global reach without paying for transit.

Tier 2 ASes

Networks that pay for transit to reach Tier 1.

Tier 3 ASes

Local networks relying on Tier 2 for internet access.

Flow Control

Mechanism to manage data transmission rates between nodes.

Error Detection

Techniques to identify errors in transmitted data.

Datalink Layer Services

Services managing data transfer between adjacent network nodes.

MAC Protocols

Methods for managing access to shared communication channels.

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access for channel sharing.

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access for channel sharing.

CSMA/CD

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection.

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol for mapping IP to MAC addresses.

Ethernet Switch

Device connecting multiple devices in a network.

Forwarding Table

Table used by routers to direct packets.

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

Network architecture allowing programmable network management.

Flow Table Abstraction

Data structure for managing flows in SDN.

OpenFlow

Protocol for communication between SDN controller and devices.

Network Slicing

Creating multiple virtual networks on a shared infrastructure.

Caching Algorithms

Strategies for storing frequently accessed data.

Content Distribution Network (CDN)

System of distributed servers delivering content to users.

Principle of Locality

Access patterns where recently accessed data is reused.